My calculus professor keeps abbreviating newton-metre as N-m. Someone asked about it because it looks like N minus m, and she confirmed that the only way to write it was with a hyphen. Later doing some brief research on google, it appears the only way to write it is N m or N•m (or maybe N×m?) Does anyone doing anything physics related abbreviate it with a hyphen or consider it correct to do so or is my calculus professor just being incorrect?

Edit: I may have found the source of her confusion if she was wrong. I looked through the relevant chapter of the textbook. It uses the notation N•m once or twice, but usually writes J directly. It has, however, abbreviated foot-pound as ft•lb once, but all other times it writes ft-lb. But apparently that isn't the correct notation for foot-pounds, the correct notation is ft•lb, or ft•lbf? But they also used the notation in.-lb for inch-pounds. So maybe the textbook authors used that for inch pounds (apparently that's incorrect though and it's supposed to be in-lb?) then also decided to use a hyphen in foot-pounds for some random reason, and then the teacher presumably saw that and decided to use a hyphen when abbreviating newton-metres even thought the book didn't?

Ok,

So recently I found out that 1HP = 300DP (Duckpower) so I decided to work out how many nM = 1LT (Llamathrust) considering that thrust to me sounds like a torque reading rather than power. So to answer u/Reddie1337 who asked this question donkeys ago, here is your answer. Also, u/Reddie1337 I'll do the math for your meme at the bottom.

So from here we need to find out how much torque your average Llama has, for this we need to find out what a Newton Metre is, by definition it is:

"One newton metre is equal to the torque resulting from a force of one newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm that is one metre long. It is also used less commonly as a unit of work, or energy, in which case it is equivalent to the more common and standard SI unit of energy, the joule."

Oh sweet, a Joule!

A Joule can be expressed as 1/2 X Mass X Velocity2

So in which case, a Llama can run at 35mph or 56kmh

The Average Llama weighs in at 150kg

So therefore we can express this as:

1/2 X 150 X 562

Which we solve for 18,100J

So therefore a Llama has in motion 18,100nM of Torque when it comes to a dead stop.

But this doesn't help us!

We need to know how fast this 150kg Llama can accelerate in m/s, so for this, I was off watching Llama videos.

So, I found out the average Llama took around 4-5 Seconds to get up to what seemed like full speed when they were scared and ran away, so let's split the difference and go for 4.5 seconds.

Formula here is a = Δv / Δt or:

a = 35 / 4.5

So this means 7.77m/s of acceleration, or 4,540nM of Torque at 150kg

Which means 1LT = 4,540nM

So, in a practical sense:

The General Lee ran a 426cui Hemi V8 that had 317kW and 664nM of Torque (In Freedom Units this is 425 hp or 490 lb-ft

So therefore:

425hp x 300 = 127,500 Duckpower

664nM ÷ 4,540 = 0.15LT

So, in the grand scheme of things, converting kW or hp to Duckpower makes your car seem more impressive, whilst converting nM or lb-ft to Llamathrust makes your car seem wimpy as shit.

Also, to answer u/Reddie1337's [original meme that he posted](https://www.reddit.com/r/theydidthemath/comments/97f1ve/request_does_a

What is your 'rule of thumb' for measuring newton metres of torque with your hands only?

How important is it to get the torque 100% correct? is +/- 5% ok? is +/- 20% ok?

American Moon is a 2017 documentary by Massimo Mazzucco providing "evidence" that the Apollo moon landings were a hoax.

I have seen posts on this sub claiming this film contains "irrefutable proof" that the Moon Landings were faked, but I feel the filmmakers have either misunderstood or deliberately misrepresented the research in most of their claims. Some of the questions are very interesting to look into, such as movements made by the American flag at a distance, but the filmmakers seem to overlook and/or misrepresent simple facts in other claims.

For example, American Moon was very, very selective in choosing the pictures that show apparent falloff and completely ignoring the huge number that show the exact opposite. I think the apparent falloff could be explained by slopes on the moon's surface, but there is no way to explain the pictures that don't show falloff unless they were taken on the moon. In my opinion, none of these pictures could have been done with studio lights, as the lighting is too even.

As of now, I'm not convinced that the Moon Landing was a hoax as I haven't seen evidence that can't be explained with basic physics, but if someone has better evidence than what I've watched so far in American Moon, then I'm very interested to hear it.

I understand this is a controversial topic on this sub. I hope this post fosters quality, good-faith discussion of what happened during the Apollo Missions.

Here are many of the questions asked by the filmmakers throughout the film. Please let me know if anything important in his claims seems to be left out and I'll try to go back and take a second look. I didn't finish the last of his claims as it was all starting to smell too much like bullshit for it to be worth my time, and I was running out of characters for my post. Give me a timestamp if you want me to take a look at anything in particular. I had responses to other questions but I had to remove them due to character limits.

*14. Given that we have examined the original videos from Spacecraft films and that the debunkers themselves acknowledge that these videos are unedited and uncut, can you explain why in several instances the delay between the question (from the Earth) and the answer (from the Moon) is far shorter than it should be if the conversation had truly taken place between the Earth and the Moon?

Example:

It's perfectly normal to hear something like, "This car has 150 horsepower and 200 foot-pounds of torque".

But why say "foot-pounds of torque"?

Is that like saying "The length of a basketball court is 91.86 feet of distance"?

Or, can foot-pounds (or Newton metres) refer to something else other than torque and so we have to specify?

I'm sure you've heard of Amazon's latest original animated series, Invincible. It's a show about a high school student named Mark Grayson, the son of the most powerful superhero on the planet, Omni-man an alien from the planet Viltrum. The show starts with Mark's powers just starting to develop. That means super strength, endurance and the ability to fly at the speed of sound. However, it's the super strength I'm focusing on today.

There's one particular scene in the show where Mark and his father are playing a game of catch. Except, they're both hovering in the sky and facing in opposite directions. This is because their incredible strength allows them to throw the ball so far it loops around the earth. That got me thinking: how strong IS Mark Grayson? We know that as of that scene, he just got his powers. That means that he's already strong enough to throw a baseball hard enough to circle the earth as well as receive the tremendous impact from catching that ball at his absolute weakest. So I decided to do the math.

This was actually fairly simple to calculate. The earth's circumference is 40,075 kilometres. Timing the scene in the show from the moment the baseball leaves Mark's hand to the second his father catches it, we know that it took the ball 18.09 seconds to circle the globe. Using a simple speed= distance/time formula, we know that the ball was moving at a speed of 7975124.38 kilometres/hour, or 2215312 metres/second. That's over 2,200 times faster than the fastest jet in the world, which is 3,500 km/hr. And now, for the force Mark is throwing the ball.

Using the ever-faithful F=ma formula, with the speed we found as our acceleration, as well as the average mass of a baseball being 0.142 kilograms, we get a throwing force of 314574.3 Newtons. That's equal to (this is where I became unsure of the math here) 35.36 TONS of force. That's five times stronger than the deep-sea pressure at the bottom of the Marianas Trench. And again, Mark just got his powers. He's throwing a baseball at the speed of a RAILGUN projectile at his weakest state without even breaking a sweat. Not only that, he's also catching the ball when Omni-man throws it to him. He's taking several dozen tons of force the same way we would catch a basketball being thrown directly at us. It just shows us how powerful a Viltrumite really is. But the really crazy part here is that Mark constantly faces enemies stronger than him. That even with his incredible powers, even he isn't (tit

What's New In Music Theory? March 2021

Welcome to the March edition of r/musictheory's "What's New in Music Theory?" megathread, a monthly digest of the latest publications, videos, conferences, and other resources from the wide world of music theory.

Have more to add? Let us know in the comments!

New Books

• Issiyeva, Adalyat. Representing Russia's Orient : from ethnography to art song. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Simms, Bryan R. and Charlotte Erwin. Berg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Straus, Joseph. The Elements of Music. Fourth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

New Dissertations

(Note: only dissertations listed on Proquest or the MTO dissertation database are included here. Links are provided only to open access materials)

• Torres-Rivera, Noel. “The Making of an Avant-Gardist: a Study of Rafael Aponte-Ledée’s Early Life and Works (1957–1966).” PhD diss., City University of New York.

New Journals & Other Scholarly Publications

• Analytical Approaches to World Music 8 no. 2. Featuring the following articles:
  • Tse and Wong, “Metrical Structure and Freedom in Qin Music of the Chinese Literati”
  • Tarsi, “Uncovering the Music Theory of the Ashkenazi Liturgical Music: ‘Adonai Malach’ as a Case Study)”
  • Killick, "Global Notation as a Tool for Cross-Cultural and Comparative Music Analysis"
  • Responses to Killick’s article by Bauer, Browner, Burns, Dor, Rehding, Schachter, Tenzer, and Widdess
• Eighteenth-Century Music 18 no. 1. Featuring the following articles.
  • Newton-Jackson, "Mixed Metre in a Mixed Taste: Telemann and Eighteenth-Century Metric Theory."
  • Martin, "Rousseau's Air chinois."
  • Olivieri, "The Early History of the Cello in Naples: Giovanni Bononcini, Rocco Greco and Gaetano Francone in a Forgotten Manuscript Collection."
  • Melamed, "'Parallel Proportions' in J. S. Bach's Music."
  • Gil, "'The Famous Vidal': New Light on the Life and Works of a Guitarist in Late Eighteenth-Century France."
  • van der Zanden

The funeral director was asking us what we think Mum should wear in her casket.

Mum always loved to wear sarongs (fabric wraps that go around the torso and drape downward a bit like a long skirt would), so my uncle suggested that she wear a sarong in there.

The funeral director looked a bit confused, as did some of our family members, to which my uncle added:

"What's sarong with that?"

I started laughing like an idiot. He was proud of it too. The funeral director was rather shocked. We assured her, and our more proper relatives, that Mum would've absolutely loved the joke (which is very true).

His delivery was perfect. I'll never forget the risk he took. We sometimes recall the moment as a way help cushion the blows of the grieving process.

--Edit-- I appreciate the condolences. I'm doing well and the worst is behind me and my family. But thanks :)

--Edit-- Massive thanks for all the awards and kind words. And the puns! Love 'em.

I would have a daughter

But Bill kept the Windows

True story; it even happened last night. My 5-year-old son walks up behind me and out of the blue says, "hey."

I turn to him and say, "yeah, kiddo? What's up?"

He responds, "it's dead grass."

I'm really confused and trying to figure out what's wrong and what he wants from me. "What? There's dead grass? What's wrong with that?"

.

.

.

He says, totally straight-faced, "hay is dead grass," and runs off.

I've been told that the Giant Snowball has more to it than what I wrote in my Frozen Peak post. So let's get to it.

The Giant Snowball has a PHYSICAL radius of 1.5 tiles. The average density of snow is 550 kilograms per cubic metre. 1.5 tiles is equivalent to 1.125 metres. The formula for a sphere's volume is as follows:

The cube radius multiplied by 4/3 and π is equal to a sphere's volume.

The cube of 1.125 is 1.424, and that multiplied by 4/3 is 1.899. That multiplied by pi is 5.966. The Giant Snowball has a volume of 5.966 cubic metres. Plug that in to the earlier density formula, and the weight of the Giant Snowball comes out as 3281.3 kilograms, or about 3.62 Imperial tons. That brings us to Newton's second law: Force = Mass x Acceleration. This law dictates the force generated by a moving object, taking into account the object's mass and acceleration. In the Giant Snowball's original science segment, I calculated that it moves at a pace of 50.75 kilometres per hour. Putting these figures into the mass and acceleration calculator demonstrates that the force required to accelerate the Snowball to its flight speed is 46256.5 newtons, and that force is carried with the snowball as it flies.

1000 newtons would feel as if a fat person was sitting on you. The poor troops you're crushing under the Snowball are getting 46 times that. Forget firing a rocket, this snowball can and will brutally murder anything under it. By the way, there will be 5966 litres of snow on the ground afterward. And snow is six times more compact than water. The arena is 324 square metres in size. The troops in indoor arenas are going to be at least ankle deep in water, given that there's 35.8 cubic metres of the stuff filling the stadium.

That is it for the Giant Snowball. Feel free to point out and correct any syntax or calculation errors I may have made.

Edit: Thank you to u/Interesting_Test_814 for pointing out that I miscalculated the length of 1.5 tiles. This has been fixed.

No it doesn't.

And then you will all be sorry.

Now it’s syncing.

He replied, "Well, stop going to those places then!"

I will find you. You have my Word.

She said how do you know he was headed to work?

“thank you for your cervix.”

Made me smile

Mods said I'm a cereal reposter...

Wait. Sorry, wrong sub.

...sails are going through the roof.

Wookie mistake.

Theoretical Fizz-ics

Because you can’t ‘C’ in the dark

Tossing. Turning. Restless and on edge. I try to force my eyes closed. But the flashes of unwanted memories slash at my soul like a raging swordsman. I try to resist. But the flashes only grow brighter. Piercing my spirit to ashes like the rubble from Copperfield Tavern. Soon I shall wake into the oasis of daylight. The snake charmers rule the night under the lit light of lunacy, the golden moon. For now, I was kidnapped by what they wanted me to see. What they wanted me to learn from? The underworld of the labyrinth revealed itself a deep look into our most vulnerable cores, so that those who dwelt in the land of Scotopia could transmute their fears, their deep inner serpents into ladders to the scribe’s paradise. Nobody has ever seen the scribes face. Not the Cult of Valkyrie, not the Elders of the Silver Chalice. And that isn’t even the start. I mean, that doesn’t even mention the Lions of the Labyrinth and the Snake Tamers of the Southern Alps. Who was this mysterious scribe? I wonder.

My mind traverses my tragic childhood. I hear children laughing and playing. I see my best friend Afi Mafioso talking to Lara Makarova about which teacher had the funniest looking face. What a beauty she was. I wish I was as social and outgoing as my best friend. I then hear some Bulgarian boy. Booger Meal. He was eating his lunch packed by his loving mother.

“Mmmm, Bulgarian bread is crunchier than Scotopian bread” Booger said.

“Maybe it’s just your mothers cooking gone stale.” I teased.

“Better than your mothers cooking,” he replied after seeing my cheese and crackers, boring white bread ham and jam sandwich and tiny teddy biscuits dipped in a side of chocolate dip.

“Well, takeaway nights are alright. She can really plate up those fried fast foods.” I said.

“Anyway. Care for another game of snakes and ladders, Colm?” Booger asked.

“Hell yeah. This time, my losing streak will be over, once and for all.” I announced

“Haha. Yeah. Sure it is. Wasn’t that supposed to be the first win for you like 10 games ago?” Booger teased.

“11 times a charm.” I said.

No tossing and turning here. I liked this part.

Booger and I skip over to the snakes and ladders gold, white and green painted outline on the hard concrete of the Scotopian Primary School playing fields. Snakes and ladders was the most prestigious of all games in the lands of Scotopia. 80 other school children ran over when word and gossip spread like one of my mother’s sandwiches.

“Everyone, quick. Booger is pla

so I had to ground him.

He's doing better currently.

And conducting himself properly.

But now I stand corrected.

I said, “That makes two of us.”