Open Access

Review

Rethinking Fragility Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes: The Link between Hyperinsulinaemia and Osteofragilitas

by 📷Isabella D. Cooper 1,*📷,📷Kenneth H. Brookler 2 and📷Catherine A. P. Crofts 3📷1Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK2Research Collaborator, Aerospace Medicine and Vestibular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA3School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Academic Editor: Susan J. BurkeBiomedicines 2021, 9(9), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091165

Received: 22 July 2021 / Revised: 27 August 2021 / Accepted: 2 September 2021 /

Published: 6 September 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Paradigms in Insulin Resistance)
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Abstract

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD), conditions of hyperinsulinaemia, have lower levels of osteocalcin and bone remodelling, and increased rates of fragility fractures. Unlike osteoporosis with lower bone mineral density (BMD), T2DM bone fragility “hyperinsulinaemia-osteofragilitas” phenotype presents with normal to increased BMD. Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance positively associate with increased BMD and fragility fractures. Hyperinsulinaemia enforces glucose fuelling, which decreases NAD+-dependent antioxidant activity. This increases reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial fission, and decreases oxidative phosphorylation high-energy production capacity, required for osteoblasto/cytogenesis. Osteocytes directly mineralise and resorb bone, and inhibit mineralisation of their lacunocanalicular space via pyrophosphate. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases vitamin D availability via adipocyte sequestra

please hepl me

What is their purpose? I know osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium into the bloodstream but osteocytes are not very clear to me. any help appreciated!

44-yr-old F, currently on surgical waitlist for a full hip replacement, estimated wait 6-8 months. Struggling with a lexicon of pain, increasing medications that seem to work less over time, nausea, rage, self-isolation, and now I sense this creeping depression weighing down on me, and I'm feeling scared. I'm not even sure about why I'm posting here, but I guess it felt easier to write this here than to interact with actual live (mostly able-bodied) people, where I'll just start bawling and feel resentful, followed by remorse. I'm pretty much at the point where I can no longer stand to tell people around me what I need or want because I'm getting tired of repeating myself, thus feeling more inclined to refuse all help. Where do I begin to try and get on top of any this?

Weinbaum, S., S. C. Cowin, and Y. Zeng, “A model for the excitation of osteocyes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses,” J. Biomech, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 339-360, 2004.

Thanks!

Available [here](http://www.thebonejournal.com/article/S8756-3282(12)01318-X/abstract). No official research, just curiosity.

According to According to table 1 in Biomolecules in fossil remains, The Biochemist, 2002, at 0C, the maximum servival time for DNA, collagen [a connective tissue protein] and osteolcin [a bone protein] are 125k, 2.7m, and 110m years, respecrively. At 10C, the numbers drop to 17.5k, 180k, and 7.5m years. Likewise, this 2012 New Scientist article puts DNA half lives at about 521 years at 13C.

But the requested article above claims "Four independent lines of evidence support the presence of a component chemically consistent with DNA.", and "We propose mechanisms for preservation of cells and component molecules, and discuss implications for dinosaurian cellular biology." I'm wanting to see what the proposed mechanisms for preservation are.

A rationally designed pH‐activatable fluorescent probe (pHocas‐RIS) has been used to measure localised pH levels in osteocytic lacunae in bone tissue. Conjugation of the moderate bone binding drug risedronate to a pH activatable BODIPY fluorophore enables the probe to penetrate osteocytic lacunae cavities that are embedded deep within the bone matrix. After injection of pHocas‐RIS, any osteocytic lacunae caused by bone‐resorbing osteocytes cause the probe to fluoresce in vivo , thus allowing imaging to be carried out using intravital two‐photon excitation microscopy. This enables this pH responsive probe to be used to visualize the bone mineralizing activities of acid producing osteocytes in real time, thus providing a valuable imaging method to explore their central role in remodeling bone‐matrix in health and disease.

https://ift.tt/2XmBDRt

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

Alot of great jokes get posted here! However just because you have a joke, doesn't mean it's a dad joke.

THIS IS NOT ABOUT NSFW, THIS IS ABOUT LONG JOKES, BLONDE JOKES, SEXUAL JOKES, KNOCK KNOCK JOKES, POLITICAL JOKES, ETC BEING POSTED IN A DAD JOKE SUB

Try telling these sexual jokes that get posted here, to your kid and see how your spouse likes it.. if that goes well, Try telling one of your friends kid about your sex life being like Coca cola, first it was normal, than light and now zero , and see if the parents are OK with you telling their kid the "dad joke"

I'm not even referencing the NSFW, I'm saying Dad jokes are corny, and sometimes painful, not sexual

So check out r/jokes for all types of jokes

r/unclejokes for dirty jokes

r/3amjokes for real weird and alot of OC

r/cleandadjokes If your really sick of seeing not dad jokes in r/dadjokes

Punchline !

Edit: this is not a post about NSFW , This is about jokes, knock knock jokes, blonde jokes, political jokes etc being posted in a dad joke sub

Edit 2: don't touch the thermostat

Do your worst!

How the hell am I suppose to know when it’s raining in Sweden?