Part two of my discussion on the differences between Humans and other animals (Herbivores/Hindgut, Specialist Carnivores/Insect, Herbivores/Foregut, Omnivores, Facultative Scavengers, Generalist Carnivores etc...) the evolution of Humans, their digestive tracts, teeth etc...
Part one: Human Stomach pH Compared to Other Animals - What Are Humans Specialized to Eat?
In 1995, anthropologists Leslie C. Aiello and Peter Wheeler published a paper on a theory they termed The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis (ETH). Expensive refers to human brain tissue, which is uniquely metabolically demanding compared to other primate brains (Aiello & Wheeler, 1995). However, human total metabolic rate is close to what would be predicted for a primate human size, so according to the ETH, humans compensated for the increased metabolic costs of the brain by evolving less metabolically expensive splanchnic organs, which include the gut and liver. Humans were able to fuel their large brains using only a relatively small gut because increased dietary quality reduced the need for gut mass. The hypothesis was that the main driver of this increased dietary quality was the increased use of animal products.
Graph of relative brain mass versus relative gut mass in primates, determined on the basis of the higher-primate equations given in figure 3 and expressed as the residuals between the logged observed and expected sizes.
| Common Name | Relative Gut Mass (Based on graph, may be hard to understand) | Relative Brain Mass (Based on graph, may be hard to understand) |
|---|---|---|
| Venezuelan Red Howler | 0.3 | -0.2 |
| Tufted Capuchin | -0.05 | 0.2 |
| Silvered Leafed Monkey | 0.2 | -0.2 |
| Maroon Leaf Monkey | -0.15 | 0.05 |
| Siamang | 0.15 |
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_foreign_body
And another study that could lead to new meds with different MOAs.
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-12-immune-cell-population-trigger-inflammation.html
study link is at the end of the article :-)
pubmed linkout The human gut microbiome performs prodigious physiological functions such as production of microbial metabolites, modulation of nutrient digestion and drug metabolism, control of immune system, and prevention of infection. Paradoxically, gut microbiome can also negatively orchestrate the host responses in diseases or chronic disorders, suggesting that the regulated and balanced host-gut microbiome crosstalk is a salient prerequisite in gastrointestinal physiology. To understand the pathophysiological role of host-microbiome crosstalk, it is critical to recreate in vivo relevant models of the host-gut microbiome ecosystem in human. However, controlling the multi-species microbial communities and their uncontrolled growth has remained a notable technical challenge. Furthermore, conventional two-dimensional (2D) or 3D culture systems do not recapitulate multicellular microarchitectures, mechanical dynamics, and tissue-specific functions. Here, we review recent advances and current pitfalls of in vitro and ex vivo models that display human GI functions. We also discuss how the disruptive technologies such as 3D organoids or a human organ-on-a-chip microphysiological system can contribute to better emulate host-gut microbiome crosstalks in health and disease. Finally, the medical and pharmaceutical significance of the gut microbiome-based personalized interventions is underlined as a future perspective.
Authors: Park GS Park MH Shin W Zhao C Sheikh S Oh SJ Kim HJ SourceSC Stem Cell Rev 2017 May 10. PubMed ID 28488235
DAWSON I, PRYSE-DAVIES J.
Source: Gastroenterology 44 (1963) 745–760.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14025600
I can't seem to find a full version of this anywhere. Please help, friends.
