Although the voiceless alveolar plosive can still be found between vowels in many English dialects, the way that the "t" in "whatever" is pronounced in most of Canada and the United States is that of the voiced alveolar flap.

Is it known when the plosive switched to a flap in these positions and at what point it became more common that using plosives in the United States and Canada?

As the title says I'm searching for papers talking about this phenomenon, or at least a middle-step; I've found some articles about velarization of /l/ in albanian, catalan and spanish, but found nothing about the occlusion of /ɫ/.
Want to know more, if this is even a thing

edit: I want to say that this curiosity of mine is caused from my southern-italian town's dialect, which is a unicum in the linguistic continuum, turning almost all the /l/ in /g/. ex. the italian for bed, /lɛt:ɔ/, turns into /git:ə/ etc.

Except for languages with retroflex or dental <d>s (which are completely different consonants than what I'm talking about) or geminated consonants, I can't imagine how any language wouldn't have a flap for /d/ in most environments, like what other options are there?? I can't think of any besides the realization of /d/ as [ð] in Spanish, where /d/, /r/, and /ɾ/ are contrastive, but that can't be a common alternative as [ð] is a rare phone crosslinguistically.

I'm a native Danish speaker. Undergrad student in foreign languages and I've taken German phonology and phonetics classes, which were taught by someone who doesn't use IPA.

And NOW I find out that the little dot in Danish IPA transcriptions [ɡ̊ b̥ d̥] means unvoiced when I thought it meant something else. So what I thought was [b d g] is really [p t k] and what I thought was [p t k] is really [pʰ tʰ/tsʰ kʰ]... or am I misunderstanding it? It seems like it can't be true because my professor never mentioned this.

I'm so confused lord help me.

For as long as I can remember, when pronouncing alveolar plosives when they’re immediately followed by /ɹ/, for some reason it’s always turned into an alveolar/post-alveolar affricate for me. i.e. /t/ -> [t͡ʃ] / _ɹ and /d/ -> [d͡ʒ] / _ɹ. This happens in both word-initial and word-medial position, so “tree” becomes [t͡ʃɹi], “drew” becomes [d͡ʒɹu̟w], “atrophy” becomes [æt͡ʃɹəfi], and “Andrew” becomes [æ̃nd͡ʒɹu̟w]. When I hear other people say words like these, I hear them the same way that I pronounce them, though I can see how this could be a perceptual bias. However, when I took Intro to Linguistics, I got points taken off of homeworks for transcribing it that way. More recently, in my Phonetics and Phonology class, we were transcribing random words and one of my classmates expressed that he also pronounces it this way. No one else in the class did, though, and our professor seemed taken aback and it seemed like he didn’t believe us. I was wondering if this is a documented phenomenon, and if not if anyone has ever heard of this happening. If it’s relevant, I was born in Boston and lived there until I moved to Connecticut when I was 3.

The International Phonetic Alphabet Keyboard(2005 revised edition)

Missing some symbols? Apply Doulos SIL font

Consonants (Pulmonic)

BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPostalveolarRetroflexPalatal Velar UvularPharyngealGlottalPlosivepbtdʈɖcɟkɡqɢ ʔ NasalmɱnɳɲŋɴTrillʙrʀTap or FlapⱱɾɽFricativeɸβfvθðszʃʒʂʐçʝxɣχʁħʕhɦLateral fricativeɬɮApproximantʋɹɻjɰLateral approximantlɭʎʟ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)

ClicksVoiced implosivesEjectivesʘBilabialɓBilabialʼExamples:ǀDentalɗDental/alveolarpʼBilabalǃ(Post)alveolarʄPalataltʼDental/alveolarǂPalatoalveolarɠVelarkʼVelarǁAlveolar lateralʛUvularsʼAlveolar fricative

Vowels

📷FrontCentralBackCloseClose-midOpen-midOpeniyɨʉɯuɪʏʊeøɘɵɤoəɛœɜɞʌɔæɐaɶɑɒ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Other Symbols

ʍVoiceless labial-velar fricativeɕʑAlveolo-palatal fricativeswVoiced labial-velar approximantɺAlveolar lateral flapɥVoiced labial-palatal approximantɧSimultaneous ʃ and xʜVoiceless epiglottal fricativek͡p t͜s
◌͡◌ ◌͜◌

Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

ʢVoiced epiglottal fricativeʡEpiglottal plosive

Suprasegmentals

ˈPrimary stressˌSecondary stressˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃənːLongeːˑHalf-longeˑ◌̆Extra shortĕ|Minor (foot) group‖Major (intonation) group.Syllable breakɹi.ækt‿Linking (absence of a break)

Diacritics

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊

◌̥Voicelessn̥d̥◌̤Breathy voicedb̤a̤◌̪Dentalt̪d̪◌̬Voiceds̬t̬◌̰Creaky voicedb̰a̰◌̺Apicalt̺d̺ʰAspiratedtʰdʰ◌̼Linguolabialt̼d̼◌̻Laminalt̻d̻◌̹More roundedɔ̹ʷLabalizedtʷdʷ◌̃Nasalizedẽ◌̜Less roundedɔ̜ʲPalatalizedtʲdʲⁿNasal releasedⁿ◌̟Advancedu̟ˠVelarizedtˠdˠˡLateral releasedˡ◌̠Retractede̠ˤPharyngealizedtˤdˤ◌̚No audible released̚◌̈Centralizedë◌̴Velarized or pharyngealizedɫ◌̽Mid-centralizede̽◌̝Raisede̝(ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative)◌̩Syllabicn̩◌̞Lowerede̞(β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)◌̯Non-syllabice̯◌̘Advanced Tongue Roote̘˞Rhoticityɚa˞◌̙Retracted Tongue Roote̙

Tones and Word Accents

LevelContoure̋or˥Extra highěor˩˥Risingé˦Highê˥˩Fallingē˧Mide᷄˦˥High risingè˨Lowe᷅˩˨Low risingȅ˩Extra lowe᷈˧˦˧Rising-falling↓Downstep↗Global rise↑Upstep↘Global fall

... So do you guys hear this? Also does this just occur "naturally" because they use the "θ" sound while others use "s" sound.

I want to speak Turkish, which just happens to have three different 'R' sounds. I already learned to say Voiced Alveolar Flap and Trill in Spanish, but its Turkish version -which is rather soft- and allophones are quite tricky.

According to one source (pg.25), Turkish has

1. /ɾ/ (voiced alveolar flap) intervocalically,
2. /ɾ̞/ (voiced alveolar tapped fricative) word-initally,
3. /ɾ̞̊/ (voiceless alveolar tapped fricative) word-finally and before a voiceless consonant.

• /ɾ/

Definitely different than the Spanish /ɾ/, hear the difference yourself: Spanish, Turkish1, Turkish2. Spanish sounds much more explosive or I'd say vigorous, which is identical to my Turkish /ɾ/. I wonder how I can tone it down. Plus, it's so difficult to say the second Turkish word, 'ararım', if you try to make the /ɾ/ sound like in 'para' as your tongue needs to move really fast to make that sound twice. There must be something I am doing wrong.

• /ɾ̞/

On Turkish Phonology Wikipedia page, it says " the constriction at the alveolar ridge narrows sufficiently to create frication but without making full contact". This one was descriptive enough, I can make the sound, though I need some practice; you have to make sure your tongue isn't touching your alveolus by accident. However, I have a few concerns; hear the difference for the same word in the following set of footage: Radyo1, Radyo2, Radyo3

• /ɾ̞̊/

For this sound, Turkish Phonology says the same thing as the previous one (I guess it only makes sense if you don't let your tongue touch your alveolus b

I know English and French. Neither of which have required me to learn this consonant.

I am trying to learn the IPA (or at least, most of it) and as a part of that I need to know how to actually pronounce every consonant. I have managed to pronounce everything else on the official chart (the one that comes in image form) - to varying degrees of success, of course - but I can't get this trill going at all.

I have seen wildly different methods and strategies thrown around, all of which seem to be aimed at AmEng speakers and none of which have worked for me so far. I don't have a tongue-tie or anything, and I do know the trill works, but it's like my tongue is always simultaneously too stiff and too loose. Does anyone have any suggested methods/learning techniques? What worked for you?

Ps. I know this is a cheeky 2-in-1, but why are some consonants not on the official chart? The full Wikipedia chart seems to be twice the size! Does the official one only include common/relevant sounds?

The word-nerd has entered his final form.

Nicely done gentlemen.

In Spanish:

>d > d / {l, n} ___

e.g.:

• /sol.'da.do/ [sol.'da.ðo] ‘soldier’
• /an.'dar/ [an.daɾ] ‘to go’

but:

>d > ð / {r, V} ___

e.g.:

• /per.'don/ [per.'ðon] ‘pardon’
• /'mje.do/ ['mje.ðo] ‘fear’

And in Old Norse (inline code for plos., bold for fric.):

(I made a meticulous list of PIE words and their Icelandic reflexes a few years ago for a paper to demonstrate it, but I can’t seem to find it now.)

I’m really not sure how to explain these alterations and their motivations in a formal way. Instinctively I figure it has to do with the extent and duration of contact between articulators, or with sonority levels, but I don’t really know how to state it ‘neatly’.

I am having *extreme* difficulties trying to pronounce it. Is it simply pronounced with the relatively easy to pronounce voiced palatal lateral approximant?

It's just very hard for me to link these two sounds together. I know they are both voiced alveolars but I just can't seem to find common characteristics between them when I speak. I try to say /z/ quickly with small pauses between each repetition and try to transform it into /ɾ/ but it just doesn't happen. On the other hand, when I do the same thing with /d/ it works like magic.

The second /p/ in paper /ˈpeipər/ does not begin a stressed syllable. Hence, this /p/ is unaspirated unvoiced plosive. But, as I studied VOT, I learned that voiced plosive like /b/ can be devoiced with a very small VOT that makes it sound like an unaspirated unvoiced plosive. So my question is how does native speaker hear paper as /ˈpeipər/, but not /ˈpeibər/. Another example is rabid and rapid: do these two words sound significantly different? Thanks :))

If so, do they distinguish between those and unaspirated voiced plosives?

(x-post from /r/askscience, because I wasn't getting any answer, and it might not have been the right subreddit wherein to post this)

My native language, Mandarin Chinese, does not contain voiced plosives. English seems to have a distinction between voiced and unvoiced plosives, for example in [d]ay and s[t]ay, [b]ar and s[p]ar, and [g]uy and s[k]y.

I cannot tell the difference between /b/ and /p/, /d/ and /t/, and /g/ and /k/, etc. even in Wikipedia's sound recordings of the consonants. The timing of the vocal cord vibrations seem exactly the same to me. Could somebody please explain to me the technical difference between voiced and unvoiced, without regard to aspiration?

Shameless linguistics noob askin' another question here, so be patient.

I'm sure there are much better examples of this, but I've noticed that in Danish, a lot of words with [t] get transformed into [d].

The prefix 'ud-' is is 'ut-' in Swedish: 'utbildning' versus 'uddanelse', 'uddale' versus 'uttal', etc.The word 'ut' by itself stays the same though. Adjectives like 'sød' are 'söt' in Swedish [and 'søt' in Norwegian, and the cognate 'sweet'], 'arbejder' <> 'arbeter', etc etc. You get the point.

Please correct me if I'm wrong [I've never even been close to Denmark before]. I could also make the guess based on my minimal research that [k] gets voiced into a [g]: based on words like 'og' <> 'och', or 'sprog' <> 'språk'.

The word 'supermarket' is written as 'supermarked'. I can't find any resources for English loanwords into the Danish language - probably because I'm searching in English and not Danish - but I'm wondering if this too happens to loanwords which are assimilated into a Danish imitation instead of being pronounced exactly like it is in English.

So is there a term for this voicing? Thanks!

IPA: n.lɛᵑᵐɡ͡bʷɛβɪn

Source

Hey everyone! I hope this is the right subreddit for a question. I have this podcast client that has not yet purchased pop filters and the audio is filled with plosive issues, breaths, and such. I've advised them to back up from the mic a little, but I think it's hard for them to remember and keep with it. There's a limited budget and as such I can only spend so much time working on these issues. RX's deplosive helps, but either doesn't get the whole thing, or takes away from a male speaker's fundamental too much. Dynamic EQ and multiband compression both help somewhat but don't give me clean consistent results. The best way is to send to RX and using the loop/rectangle tool, select the issue and gain it down or maybe use spectral repair, but I find gain to be sufficient 95% the time. The only thing is this takes too long with the amount of plosive issues in these episodes I'm working on. Any tips/advice or plugin recommendations for inserts or audiosuite? Is this algorithm significantly better in RX 9 as to warrant an upgrade? A google search hasn't helped me yet. Thanks in advance!

Edit: Sometimes it's a trill.

For example, does any language distinguish /p/ vs /p^(h)/ vs /ph/ vs /p^(h)h/? Guaranteed aforementioned clusters occur within the same syllable, rather then broken up by syllable boundary, like /p.h/ or /p^(h).h/.

XII

A dark, seedy room in an underground club. It's empty, but very noisy. The floors are tarnished, red velvet. There are blood stains all over the walls. The words ROBBED is scrawled over the toilet doors, with a list of names next to it. Broken mannequins are splayed across the club, covered in fresh blood.

The Realness by RuPaul blares out the soundsystem. The camera cuts to a manicured hand yanking a plug out the wall. The sound cuts dead.

The camera pans out to reveal Xtina and Turbo, looking wretched, evil and disgusting. Turbo smacks the camera, sending it spinning into a new shot.

🎶 DYNAMITE! Electrify me... all night!

Sudrawkid spanks a row of mannequins with a leather whip. She knocks one over and pops her collar, confidently. "I'm about to dominate this competition!" she cackles.

The camera pans up to the ceiling. Kolakokaa hangs off the electric wires and burst pipes, spinning elegantly. "Bitch I am ready to SNAP!" she yells, kicking her pincered heel at the cord holding her up, which snaps and sends her into a split onto a pit of bloodied mannequins.

The camera cuts to a dishevelled, creepy side corridor, as alikaoreos runs through it, billowing her dress. The lights flicker on and off, revealing bloodied walls in night vision. "This season, the final girl is gonna be me!" she beckons, before escaping through a side door.

The camera cuts to Lisbon_After_Dark racing around the club, as the lights flash red, one and off. She starts chopping every mannequin head she can find and wiping blood from her lips. "If you can't hack the competition," she snaps, "then beat it queen!"

At the bar, SoniqueStanner spins around, holding her wrench. She drags the wrench across the line of bo

We pronounce ض as ظ

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This is making it very difficult to edit. The vocal plosives only seem to spike after I've rendered the full mix. Listening to it in reaper doesn't present any issues. I've tried EQing to pinpoint them, but again, I cant pinpoint them in reaper, I have to EQ then render, then check, then go back into reaper to try again.

Let's pick the words "laben" and "Lappen", which have such plosives, and "lahm" as a comparison which has nothing in that position. In 'normal' speech (at least where I'm from: Berlin) these words are pronounced [ˈlaːbən] and [ˈläpən] (got those transcriptions from Wiktionary). Instead the second syllable just kind of "contracts", after the vowel the mouth remains closed for the remainder of the word and the word ends in [m]. In the case of "Lappen" Wiktionary lists [ˈla̝ʔm̩], which makes sense to me. But what about "laben"? Wiktionary says [ˈlaːbm̩] but I don't quite get how that works. There is no plosive since the mouth remains closed, no [ʔ] since the word can still be distinguished from "Lappen" (and not just because of the vowel length) but there is still something since the word can be distinguished from "lahm" ([laːm]).

I hope my description isn't too confusing, I don't know much about phonetics and am trying to wrap my head around this.

I want to speak Turkish, which just happens to have three different 'R' sounds. I already learned to say Voiced Alveolar Flap and Trill in Spanish, but its Turkish version -which is rather soft- and allophones are quite tricky.

According to one source (pg.25), Turkish has

1. /ɾ/ (voiced alveolar flap) intervocalically,
2. /ɾ̞/ (voiced alveolar tapped fricative) word-initally,
3. /ɾ̞̊/ (voiceless alveolar tapped fricative) word-finally and before a voiceless consonant.

• /ɾ/

Definitely different than the Spanish /ɾ/, hear the difference yourself: Spanish, Turkish1, Turkish2. Spanish sounds much more explosive or I'd say vigorous, which is identical to my Turkish /ɾ/. I wonder how I can tone it down. Plus, it's so difficult to say the second Turkish word, 'ararım', if you try to make the /ɾ/ sound like in 'para' as your tongue needs to move really fast to make that sound twice. There must be something I am doing wrong.

• /ɾ̞/

On Turkish Phonology Wikipedia page, it says " the constriction at the alveolar ridge narrows sufficiently to create frication but without making full contact". This one was descriptive enough, I can make the sound, though I need some practice; you have to make sure your tongue isn't touching your alveolus by accident. However, I have a few concerns; hear the difference for the same word in the following set of footage: Radyo1, Radyo2, Radyo3

• /ɾ̞̊/

For this sound, Turkish Phonology says the same thing as the previous one (I guess it only makes sense if you don't let your tongue touch your alveolus b