More good stuff! -Halp (Board Certified Physician) β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦. Emerging Next-Generation Target for Cancer Immunotherapy Research: The Orphan Nuclear Receptor NR2F6 by Victoria Klepsch *ORCID, Kerstin SiegmundORCID and Gottfried BaierORCID Institute for Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Academic Editor: Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson Cancers 2021, 13(11), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112600 Received: 27 April 2021 / Revised: 21 May 2021 / Accepted: 22 May 2021 / Published: 26 May 2021
I know that epi/NE bind to adrengeric receptors like alpha 1, beta 2 etc (also memorizing these specific types, is this like hella hella low yield and possibly out of scope of the mcat?)... I just noted that NE is more of a neurotransmitter and epi is more of a hormone (and perhaps be expected to decipher out questions based on NT vs hormone characteristics?)
I was just curious about the nature of the receptor and if it is fair to assume that they will be the same/similar as the other tyrosine derivates we are expected to know.
not sure if this is out of scope, but just curious!
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.11.003
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33453499
Abstract
L-carnitine is an indispensable metabolite facilitating the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix and has been previously postulated to exert a nutrigenomic effect. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain mostly unclear. We hypothesized that L-carnitine interacts with nuclear receptors involved in metabolic regulation, thereby modulating downstream targets of cellular metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on protein activity, mRNA expression, and binding affinities of nuclear receptors as well as mRNA expression of downstream targets in skeletal muscle cells, hepatocytes, and differentiated adipocytes. L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR). Diverging effects on the mRNA expression of PPAR-Ξ±, PPAR-Ξ΄, PPAR-Ξ³, RAR-Ξ², LXR-Ξ±, and RXR-Ξ± were observed in adipocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal muscle cells. mRNA levels of PPAR-Ξ±, a key regulator of lipolysis and Ξ²-oxidation, were significantly upregulated, emphasizing a role of L-carnitine as a promoter of lipid catabolism. L-carnitine administration to hepatocytes modulated the transcription of key nuclear receptor target genes, including ALDH1A1, a promoter of adipogenesis, and OGT, a contributor to insulin resistance. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays proved L-carnitine to increase binding affinities of nuclear receptors to their promoter target sequences, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the observed transcriptional modulation. Overall, these findings indicate that L-carnitine modulates the activity and expression of nuclear receptors, thereby promoting lipolytic gene expression and decreasing transcription of target genes linked to adipogenesis and insulin resistance.
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Open Access: False
Authors: Lorenz FΓΆrster - Dominic Indra - Klemens Rosenberger - Lars Zver - Reinhold Hofbauer -
Additional links: None found
Is there some sort of open channel or journal? Brand spanking new at this, in general are there any suggestions for biology?
http://autoimmunityresearch.org/karolinska-handout.pdf
https://mpkb.org/home/pathogenesis/vitamind/metabolism
I've been researching Vitamin D and VDR and I'm trying to qualify the validity of the above links.
