To what extent, if any, did the Manila Galleon trade routes impact the genetic admixture and general ancestry of modern-day Mexicans and indigenous Americans? Particularly, if you will, those of the Pacific coastline of the Americas?

From the Wikipedia page on Manila Galleons:

>The Manila trade became so lucrative that Seville merchants petitioned king Philip II of Spain to protect the monopoly of the Casa de Contratación based in Seville. This led to the passing of a decree in 1593 that set a limit of two ships sailing each year from either port, with one kept in reserve in Acapulco and one in Manila. An "armada" or armed escort of galleons, was also approved.

I understand the monopoly part, but why the limit on the number of ships? Wouldn't the monopolists want to increase trade as much as possible, or at least as much as possible without creating too large of a surplus of Chinese luxury items? I'm guessing they wanted to keep the supply low so that they could charge outrageous prices for imported goods, but surely the price-optimal shipping rate is going to be more than two ships per year, right?

Also, what did this armed escort look like? I was under the impression that the galleons were heavily armed so they could defend themselves without need of an escort.

James Palmer writes in "The Bloody White Baron": >It [Urga] was a trading city, where Mongols, Chinese and Russians met to exchange goods worth over a million dollars a years. Its Chinese and Russian enclaves were well established, almost entirely seperate from the Mongolian one. Urga lay at the centre of the Tea Road, the overland route to Russia, and originally the local currency had been bricks of tea, but now most traders preferred the brass cash of the Chinese, or even Mexican dollars (a common currency at the time).

From Wikipedia I got: >The Mexican peso also served as the model for the Straits dollar (now the Singapore/Brunei Dollar), the Hong Kong dollar, the Japanese yen and the Chinese yuan.[5] The term Chinese yuan refers to the round Spanish dollars, Mexican pesos and other 8 reales silver coins which saw use in China during the 19th and 20th century. The Mexican peso was also briefly legal tender in 19th century Siam, when government mints were unable to accommodate a sudden influx of foreign traders, and was exchanged at a rate of three pesos to one Thai baht.[6]

>Long tied to the lore of piracy, "pieces of eight" were manufactured in the Americas and transported in bulk back to Spain, making them a very tempting target for seagoing pirates. The Manila galleons transported Mexican silver to Manila in the Spanish Philippines, where it would be exchanged for Philippine and Chinese goods, since silver was the only foreign commodity China would accept. In Oriental trade, Spanish dollars were often stamped with Chinese characters known as "chop marks" which indicated that particular coin had been assayed by a well-known merchant and determined to be genuine. The specifications of the Spanish dollar became a standard for trade in the Far East, with later Western powers issuing trade dollars, and colonial currencies such as the Hong Kong dollar, to the same specifications.

>The first Chinese yuan coins had the same specification as a Spanish dollar, leading to a continuing equivalence in some respects between the names "yuan" and "dollar" in the Chinese language.

>In 1889, the Yuan was equated at par with the Mexican peso, a silver coin deriving from the Spanish dollar which circulated widely in South East Asia since the 17th century due to Spanish presence in the region, namely Philippines and Guam. It was subdivided into 1000 cash (Chinese: 文; pinyin: wén), 100 cents or fen (Chinese: 分; pinyin: fēn), and 10 jiao (Chinese: 角; pi

INTRODUCTION

This post will attempt to explain the differences in how Filipinos and Indonesians see ethnicity and the nature of the two societies. A couple of years ago I did some posts on the Philippines and Indonesia like TL: DR Reasons for the failure of the Philippines’s foreign policy,

The post will be organized as follows

1. LATITUDINAL VS LONGITUDINAL ARCHIPELAGIC STATE
2. AUSTRONESIAN CORE
   1. ETHNICITY AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
3. ETHNO-CULTURAL DIAGRAM
4. RELIGIOUS-CULTURAL LAYERS
5. MULTIPLE SOCIETIES VS MAINSTREAM FILIPINO SOCIETY
6. HIGHLAND AND LOWLAND SOCIETIES
7. BLOOD, LOCATION, AND CULTURE

Many, like Samuel Huntington's in his book Clash of Civilization (1996) label Indonesia as Islamic, and the Philippines as Western, but beyond these simple labels, people are left hanging. Little is done to describe the structure of the societies, how ethnic groups and religious minorities are organized. The four takeaways from this post are:

• Indonesia is a longitudinal archipelagic state-aligned by trade and a shared lingua franca. The Philippines is a latitudinal archipelagic state orientated loosely by trade with China, and later on, shared religion.
• In Maritime Southeast Asia, there are cultural layers, such as Sanskritization, Islam, and Christianity.
• The Indonesian state believes Indonesia consists of multiple societies. While most Filipinos and the Philippines state assume there is mainstream Filipino society.
• The Indonesian state defines ethnicity by blood and keeps detailed records of regions' ethnic composition. The Philippines' state doesn't keep such data.

This post will be the beginning of a series of posts I will do about Indonesia and the Philippines. The purpose of this particular post is to provide a very rough framework for looking at ethnicity, culture, and religion in Indonesia and the Philippines. I won't get into the "why", that will be for subsequent posts.

I decided to do this post, because Indonesia's importance to the Philippines is understated, and its importance will increase markedly after Indonesia moves its

I recently found an entire reddit post dedicated to denying the Hispanic influence in the Philippines while also generalizing the entire Latino population as racist and it was by a non-Filipino. I was shocked that a lot of Filipinos liked his post because it was wrong to me. I made an account just so I can reply to it and give my two cents in but the post as of today no longer allow new replies. So I thought I'd just make my own post. I still privately messaged that non-Filipino person and gave my reply to him. I would like to share it here:

"There's no reason to Hispanicized the Philippines again because Hispanicization in the Philippines has never left except for the Spanish language. Here's my personal top 12 list:

1. The name of our country should be self-explanatory that the Spanish influence is indeed strong because we are even named after King Felipe of Spain. Our country's original name is "Las Islas Filipinas". When we became one of the United States territory in 1898 because Spain sold us for $20,000,000 after colonizing us for 333 years. Our country's name was changed to "The Philippines". Philip is the English version of Felipe.

2. Christianity is the most prevalent religious belief and this belief is carried by up to 93% of our population. It's extremely normal to step inside a Filipino household and see a Jesus Christ altar or a symbol of Christianity somewhere in the living room or dining area.

3. The biggest annual event in our country is Christmas and it's celebrated from September to December and in some provinces, it's even up to January.

4. We have so many Fiestas that we celebrate uniquely in each province and these Fiestas are mostly celebrated with a Santo/Saint or an image of Jesus Christ or Mother Mary.

5. The most prevalent surnames in the Philippines are Spanish like Garcia and Reyes. Our naming system is solely based on the Spanish style in which we carry our mother's surname as our middle name and our father's surname as our last. Then we usually have a first name and a second name so most Filipinos have four names in total. Our Indigenous ancestors didn't even use surnames before. True story. Go look it up and research it yourself.

6. Taxes were even introduced to us by the Spanish colonizers because our Indigenous ancestors didn't believe in that type of government style.

7. The presence of homophobia and patriarchy in the Philippine society right now is from the Spanish culture too because our Indigenous ancestors

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

Do your worst!

I'm surprised it hasn't decade.

From the Wikipedia page on Manila Galleons:

>The Manila trade became so lucrative that Seville merchants petitioned king Philip II of Spain to protect the monopoly of the Casa de Contratación based in Seville. This led to the passing of a decree in 1593 that set a limit of two ships sailing each year from either port, with one kept in reserve in Acapulco and one in Manila. An "armada" or armed escort of galleons, was also approved.

I understand the monopoly part, but why the limit on the number of ships? Wouldn't the monopolists want to increase trade as much as possible, or at least as much as possible without creating too large of a surplus of Chinese luxury items? I'm guessing they wanted to keep the supply low so that they could charge outrageous prices for imported goods, but surely the price-optimal shipping rate is going to be more than two ships per year, right?

Also, what did this armed escort look like? I was under the impression that the galleons were heavily armed so they could defend themselves without need of an escort.