Linguistic Typology Puns

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

Demonstratives: A cross-linguistic typology (Dixon)

This week's paper was again submitted by u/PyrolatrousCoagulate and presents a cross-linguistic typology of demonstratives. It primarily distinguishes three main types of demonstratives: nominal, local adverbial and verbal. It then surveys their basic properties: forms, functions and types of reference. More on that can be found if you click on the link above. Dixon defines a demonstrative as "a grammatical word (or, occasionally, a clitic or affix) which can have pointing (or deictic) reference;" Now, let's move unto the prompts:

• What are the morphosyntactic properties of demonstratives in your language, if they exist at all?
  • How are the three main types proposed by the paper included, if at all?
  • Is there any syncretism or polysemy with regards to the forms of demonstratives?
• Do the demonstratives in your language exhibit any characteristics that are not included in the prototypical definition of demonstratives?

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

The idea behind linguistic typology is that there are patterns common to all languages. These patterns repeat themselves at different levels. They are also specific to individual languages.

Linguistic classification organizes languages based on structural features, patterns, and linguistic units. It offers a systematic way of grouping languages to discover linguistic properties shared by these languages.

Since linguistic classification involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources (fieldwork, literature, language documentation, linguistic atlas, etc.), could something like GPT-3 be able to comprehend it?

I’m referring mainly to the translation and localization field.

Algorithms are currently unable to grasp the context and nuances of a text. This means that we still need human translation to interpret cultural references and preserve the style and intention of the original text.

How long do you think it will take for AI to surpass a human translator?

My question is based on this article that goes over linguistic typology and why it makes human translators indispensable in localization processes.

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

Introduction: associated motion as a grammatical category in linguistic typology (Guillaume & Koch)

This week's paper was submitted by u/dendanacode and introduces the linguistic category of associated motion. Associated motion is defined by this paper as " verbal grammatical category, separate from tense, aspect, mood and direction, whose function is to associate, in different ways, different kinds of translational motion (spatial displacement / change of location) to a (generally non-motion) verb event". An English approximation would be e.g. "to go and V", "to come and V", "to come while Ving", etc. Now let's move onto the prompts:

• Is associated motion (AM) a distinct grammatical category in your language?
  • How is it marked?
  • If you evolved your language diachronically, how did the AM markers arise?
• If AM is not a grammatical category, how do you encode these expressions in your language?

(You can also check out a recent Conlangery episode on the topic here)

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

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So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Something that was either discovered or just generally "agreed upon" in the last few years, that was unknown or seen in a different way before

[This is a repost, but w/ a much more wieldy title.]

Why is your conlang (or conlangs) Synthetic—fusional, agglutinative, Analytic, Isolating, or something theoretical, such as Oligoanalytic or oligosynthetic?

For ex.: All of my current, certain conlang plans are that my conlangs, including my current prototype one, will be agglutinative instead of fusional whenever possible. I enjoy Agglutinative langs b/c their words build like Legos, are easy to dissect meaning from, and are direct. I like agglutinative word-building. Mal-san-ul-ej-o ≈ a place for sick people -> hospital Wurdboek (wordbook) -> dictionary Telephone–‘far-speaker’

Hey,

So I was thinking and I thought this could be a good idea, but I wanted to see if there was any interest first. So there's a website you can go to for information on linguistic typology. I was going to take interesting things from there, one rule at a time, and make a post every week (or biweekly if people are really interested) and then people can show if their conlang conforms or breaks said rule.

Basically it's an opportunity to educate everyone on linguistic typology while being able to look at their own conlangs and seeing if they fit the expected mold. If they don't fit the mold, then we can all see the ways in which people have chosen to derivate from such rules in their conlangs.

Anyways, if y'all are interested, let me know. Just because it's a rule doesn't mean there aren't natlangs that don't break those rules (adjectives before nouns in English is a good example). I'll sometimes list counterexamples as well if they are easy to understand; the website usually lists them with the rules.

Edit: I've seen sufficient interest in it, so I will go ahead and post either later tonight or tomorrow with the game.

Linguistic relativity is the idea that language shapes the speaker's world views and/or cognitive processes. Has there ever been any research linking language features with MBTI/Jungian functions?

I could see agglutinative languages being more N, while isolating languages could be more S. Highly morphemically irregular languages could be associated with judging functions? Presence of a wide honorific system being F associated, etc. Highly analytic languages could be linked with J and N, while synthetic languages with P and S.

I swore I remember reading/hearing about a language in which there were no nouns.

Historical stuff, important studies and current research?

What important publications (Greenberg) are free to view online?

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

Savosavo Kinship Terminology: Social Context and Linguistic Features

This week's paper is on kinship terminology in the Papuan language Savosavo, which is remarkable as it covers fifteen generations; a rare feature, cross-linguistically. In this week's TyPoW you can talk about your own language's kinship system. Anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan identified six basic patterns of kinship terminologies, which are listed here. Even though those are the six underlying structures that have been observed in natural languages so far, each language may modify that basis, yielding distinct results. There are also some funky elements like the so-called dual propositus tri-relational kinship terms, found in some Australian Aboriginal languages. You can read more about them on the aforementioned wikipedia page. Now onto the prompts:

• How does your language handle kinship terms?
  • Which basic pattern (see above) does your conlang exhibit? Or is it impossible to categorize it like that?
  • How do kinship terms interact with other cultural elements? (e.g. taboos)
• How are kinship terms used in discourse?

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

Pluractionality: A cross-linguistic perspective (Mattiola)

This week's paper was submitted by my friend u/PyrolatrousCoagulate and presents a cross-linguistic perspective of pluractionality. Mattiola defines pluractionality as being a "morphological modification of the verb or a pair of semantically related verbs that primarily convey a plurality of situations involving a repetition in time, space, and/or participants (Mattiola, 2019, p. 164)." Moreover, the paper distinguishes pluractionality as a subtype of verbal number; the latter may be encoded through any linguistic means (e.g., adverbs), whereas pluractionality refers to the encoding of these semantics by direct morphological modification on the verb. An alternative definition can be found on Wikipedia: "[it] is a grammatical device that indicates that the action or participants of a verb is/are plural." Now onto the prompts:

• Are verbs marked for pluractionality in your language?
  • If not, what are other means to express verbal number?
  • What other functions do these markers encode — besides pluractionality? (e.g., habituality, continuativity)
  • How do pluractional markers behave morphosyntactically?
  • Are there any interesting interactions between pluractional markers and other morphemes?

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

Nominal Tense in Cross-Linguistic Perspective (Nordlinger & Sadler)

This week's paper provides a cross-linguistic view on the topic of nominal tense. While tense is traditionally considered a verbal category, it may also appear on nominals in some languages. Phrases like 'my former' in 'my former house' can be expressed by a single affix in these languages. Some even mark other non-tense categories, like mood and evidentiality on nouns (e.g. Nambiquara wa³lin³-su³-n³ti² 'this manioc root that both you and I saw recently'). Now let's move onto the prompts:

• Does your language feature nominal tense?
  • Which tenses can nominals be marked for?
  • How does it interact with possession?
  • How does it interact with definiteness and articles, if there are any?
  • Can nominal tense morphemes be stacked? What semantics does such a stacking yield?
• If your language does not feature nominal tense, is there any special way in which your language expresses such contexts?

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

The cross-linguistic patterns of phonation types (Esposito & Khan)

This week's paper was submitted by u/MerlinMusic and describes the cross-linguistic patterns that appear with respect to phonation types. Phonation, also known as voice quality, describes the production of sounds by the vocal folds. There are several categories on the phonation spectrum, all of which can be included in your language. The paper already provides a good overview, but if you want another resource, you can check out the Wikipedia page on phonation here. Now let me present this week's prompts:

• What voice quality contrasts are there in your language, if any?
  • Are only consonants, only vowels, or both affected?
• How do other features (e.g. duration) interact with phonation?
• If your language is tonal, does phonation interact with the tone-bearing unit?

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

A cross-linguistic study of case and switch-reference in unrelated languages (Nonato & Souza)

This week's paper was submitted by u/Slorany and talks about switch-reference and case in unrelated languages. Switch-reference refers to the case in which a multiverbal construction is marked for having co-referential (same-subject marking) or distinct subjects (different-subjects). If you want to learn more about switch-reference, check out the wikipedia page on it (There are some papers about the topic linked on the bottom of it.) Now let's move onto the prompts:

• Does your language exhibit switch-reference?

  • If so, how does it work, both morphologically and syntactically? Are conjunctions inherently same-subject or different-subject? Or are there morphemes that mark these categories?
  • If not, how would you construct sentences where the two subjects are co-referential or distinct?

• What morphosyntactic alignment does your language exhibit?

  • What role does case play in your conlang? Is your language's morphosyntactic alignment encoded by case, or by something else?

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Hi!

I’m beginning a new YouTube channel* with one purpose (among others) being to present linguistics and related topics in a way that’s easily understood by lay people. I’d also like to appeal to amateur and professional linguists by offering these videos as an initial approach to get to know fields/issues outside their particular bailiwicks.

I’m primarily an (L2) acquisitionist and sociophonetician (but have general training more broadly as well), so I’m well-read with respect to issues of interests in those fields. Even so, feel free to share from those fields - we all emphasize different things! :)

My initial goal for the channel is to offer a broad overview of major fields (syntax, acquisition, SLA, phonology, phonetics, semantics, etc.) with separate videos for popular interfaces therebetween, too.

Eventually, I’d like to also present key theories and articles and address viewer questions.

My questions for linguists:

• what issues relevant to your field(s) of study are poorly understood or suffer from lack of awareness by lay people, linguists external to your field, or both (e.g. in SLA, problems with the Critical Period hypothesis; data-driven approaches to FLE)?
• what articles in your field do you believe all linguists should read?
• what research findings do you believe could have significant real-world applications?
• what misconceptions are common regarding your field?
• what significant unanswered questions are important to you?
• what triggered your interest in linguistics?
• what methodologies do you use in your research that may be difficult for lay people to understand?
• is there any theory/data from your field you believe to have been misappropriated/abused by the popular press/media?
• literally anything you’d like to see a video about

My questions for lay people and students:

• what concepts are difficult for you to understand?
• what misconceptions did you have that were resolved through talking to/reading about linguists/linguistics?
• what significant unanswered questions are important to you?
• what triggered your interest in linguistics?
• literally anything you’d like to see a video about

Edit: Just because I was thinking about it and realized I forgot to include it: I’m also going to discuss the emergence of linguistics as a modern science (the history of…) as well as the “tools of the trade” as it were (Praat & software, R, Python & statistics, quantitative and qualitative approaches, etc.)

*if you

Hello all and welcome to another edition of Higher Ed Wednesday, an expansion of the Grad School Wednesday posts. This is a thread where prospective students can ask questions about university programs at any level, either general (e.g. "How often should a grad student present at conferences?") or particular (e.g. "Which schools in North America have strong programs in Korean linguistics?). It's also a chance for current students to find out information about other programs (e.g. "How many of you have reading lists for your comprehensive exams?") or general university survival (e.g. "Is it a really bad idea to change my thesis supervisor if we don't click?"). So ask away!

I speak Romanian as my first language and have been speaking fluent English since 11 or 12 . I am 17 now

So as it goes:

Pronounciation 2/10: Probably the only field in which Japanese is far easier than both Romanian or English. I have no difficulties in pronouncing japanese because both japanese and romanian are two languages that (with some minor exceptions) are read as they are written( of course,this similarity is purely coincidental) In fact I had a lot more trouble pronouncing English as a child and still have some trouble now,even If I could have conversations or read books in this language for over 5 years now. Also japanese rarely has two consonants next to eachother,unlike Romanian who can have up to 5 consonants side by side such as the word “optsprezece” (eighteen).I still have difficulties pronouncing that word, trust me .

Language structure : 7/10 . Now in this field I am not sure because one month is not nearly enough to grasp the japanese language structure. But it seems that japanese is similar with latin ,both being SOV languages. Romanian is mostly SVO but you can also use SOV structure. For example “ Eu beau apă” is “ I drink water” and as you can see,the structure is SVO ,but you could also say “ Eu apă beau” which is “ I water drink” and it is correct gramatically and structurally,but it is uncommon to speak like that.

Grammar : 8/10 Japanese is an agglutinative language,romanian is flexionary. Now I ain’t exactly sure if agglutinative or flexionary typology is harder,but verb conjugations seem harder in japanese so far IMO. Also japanese has the polite speech “keigo” which Romanian does too.In romanian ,to be polite ,you’d use “dumneavoastra” instead of “tu” (second person,singular) and accord it with a second person plural verb conjugation.And that’s about it . Comparing keigo to polite speech in romanian is like comparing quantum physics to 6th grade science.

Vocabulary 7/10 : Here one month of learning is truly insuficient to have an opinion about the vocabulary.But so far,it doesn’t seem hard,just very different. English and romanian vocabulary have plenty of similarities,just check this.

Piramidă-Pyramid Triunghi- Triangle Cerc-Circle Fruct-Fruit Just - Just (as in righteous) Limite-Limits Moment-moment Secundă- Second

And so on.However japanese has no lexical similarities with romanian or english

Writing 10/10 No explanation needed here. Anybody could learn kana in 2 months of study. But the difficulty of ka

I'm not sure if procedural generation is the best word, but essentially, creating a new language without having to go through the whole process of writing out every word and aspect of grammar yourself.

We have oodles of languages that we know of and have pretty fully mapped, we know how many are subject-object-verb or vice versa, we know that you can group similar prefixes and some languages you tenses and all that. We know which sounds come out easily and early in a language and which sounds fall away over time.

So given a set of constraints, say 1. An alphabet or syllabary 2. Linguistic typology 3. Basic grammar features, theoretically a computer should be able to say okay, first these basic words would come out, then eventually we'd get to some more difficult or specialty words, etc. Then the grammar structure gets more complicated and maybe borrow some words from another relative language... Until it builds an entire language. I've never heard of this but does anyone know if it's been done or how you could do it?

In curious partially for my world and partially my own curiosity!

Whirling

in this burning circular aviary

in this greenish stellar intensity

greeting the fire of my own shadow

with its simultaneous spurs

erupting from linguistic ferret

from the black domesticity of arrogance

like a wind absorbed in solar reptile signals

I greet its invincible ire

in the penetrating flux of its harried angular journey

it is a syllabus of glass & of ants

roving

like a living mutational turquoise

a lamp an aperture of virescent proto-nomads hurtling through rivers of swirling

lunar

hemotopias

heated by blank Egyptian kindling moons

here I am on a raft

of instinctive gemstone tumbling

on a raft

of rainy black & red molten

calling on my shadow

with all the colour

emptied from its treasonous mime tornado

so that eternity ingests the force of blazing tourmaline i

invictas

invictas charged with the stunning typology of ignition with the empty

transmigration body

taking on the momentous characteristic of the transmundane specific unravelling

the basic tourniquets of hydrogen

as in songs from bodiless sun bells

the black sun levels

where karmic stains are transmogrified

& the thoughts

merismatic

like the name of a cloud passing into anomalous writhing

my shadow

the occult the runic enclave

over-arched like a beacon minus its wretched cyclical entrapment

a beacon in a floating citron granary burning from its ubiquitous orbicular

fountain

from its ironic wellsprings of torment

its oases of gases

incessant

mutagenic

heraldic

boiling

• If you find your book in the thread below, send the number of the book via reddit chat or via telegram .
• Almost all the books are in their latest editions and some of them are available in multiple editions too
• Books (pdf) are delivered through Google-Drive link
• You can also send requests via reddit chat or by telegram .
• Also, upvote the post if you found it useful

Please find the list below:

26691. (eBook PDF)Endobronchial Ultrasonography 2nd Edition by Noriaki Kurimoto , David K. Fielding , Ali Musani , Christopher Kniese , Katsuhiko Morita

26692. (eBook PDF)Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia 6th Edition by George A. Gregory , Dean B. Andropoulos

26693. (eBook PDF)USMLE Step 2 CK Lecture Notes 2020: 5-book set

26694. (eBook PDF)Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care 5th by David B. Elliott

26695. (eBook PDF)Immunology E-Book 9th Edition by David Male , Victoria Male , Jr. R. Stokes Peebles , David Male MA PhD , R. Stokes Peebles Jr. MD

26696. (eBook PDF)Netter's Essential Histology E-Book: With Correlated Histopathology (Netter Basic Science) 3rd Edition by William K. Ovalle , Patrick C. Nahirney

26697. (eBook PDF)Nolte’s The Human Brain E-Book: An Introduction to its Functional Anatomy 8th Edition by Todd Vanderah , Douglas J Gould

26698. (eBook PDF)Pediatric Transplant and Oncology Infectious Diseases by William J. Steinbach

26699. (eBook PDF)Surgery Of Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands 3rd Edition by Gregory W Randolph

26700. (eBook PDF)Textbook of Physical Diagnosis E-Book: History and Examination 8th Edition by Mark H. Swartz

26701. (eBook PDF)American Politics Today Essentials 6th Edition by William T. Bianco, David T. Canon

26702. (eBook PDF)Automotive Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition by James D. Halderman

26703. (eBook PDF)Becoming a Teacher 10th Edition by Forrest W. Parkay

26704. (eBook PDF)Better Business 5th Edition by Michael R. Solomon , Mary Anne Poatsy, Kendall Martin

26705. (eBook PDF)Biology 12th Edition by Peter Raven

26706. (eBook PDF)College Accounting A Contemporary Approach 4th Edition by M. David Haddock

26707. (eBook PDF)Communicating at Work 12th Edition by Ronald Adler , Jeanne Marquardt Elmhorst

26708. (eBook PDF)Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities, Volume I 9th Ediiton by Lawrence S. Cunningham , John J. Reich , Lois Fichner-Rathus

26709. (eBook PDF)Data Mining and Machine Lear

I'm reading Hyman and Plank's (2018) Phonological Typology, and I found some passage:

> phonology is no longer the unified subfield that it once was

>it is becoming harder for phonologists to talk to each other, for who can be a computer scientist, phonetician, neurolinguist and expert in adjacent fields such as morphology and syntax at the same time as having a command of the extensive literature on phonology-internal argumentation and phonological typology?

And my teacher also said that it is not really any "camps" in phonology like what is in syntax, because the field is too fragmented, with no central framework(s). And I may be wrong but it seems like in Syntax not very much people are expected to be well-verse in more than one Syntax theory, but many Phonology curriculum expect the student coming out knowing at least Rule-based phonology, OT, and Autosegmental phonology (and may be also Feature Geometry and Metrical phonology).

What do you think? Is phonology any more fragmented than other linguistic discipline like syntax, morphology, etc.? Is there any attempt to unify the field again (perhaps like when Newmeyer tried to bridge between formalist and functionalist)?

Do your worst!

For context I'm a Refuse Driver (Garbage man) & today I was on food waste. After I'd tipped I was checking the wagon for any defects when I spotted a lone pea balanced on the lifts.

I said "hey look, an escaPEA"

No one near me but it didn't half make me laugh for a good hour or so!

Edit: I can't believe how much this has blown up. Thank you everyone I've had a blast reading through the replies 😂

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

Focused assertion of identity: A typology of intensifiers (König & Gast)

This week's paper was submitted by u/wmblathers and talks about the different ways in which languages handle intensifiers. The paper presents several cross-linguistic patterns and also describes the various uses of intensifiers, a class of words such as "himself/herself" in English, "selbst" in German or "ipse/ipsa" in Latin. Now onto the prompts:

• How do you express intensification in your language?
• Do your language's patterns line up with the cross-linguistic patterns described in the paper?
• If you considered diachrony while creating your language, how did intensifiers arise? (Common grammaticalization paths include e.g. body parts, expressions for "one/alone" or lexical items referring to concepts like "soul" or "life")
• How do intensifiers interact with other parts of your language's morphosyntax? (E.g. are there any restrictions on their usage in certain constructions?)

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Good evening, afternoon, or morning to you, people of r/conlangs. Today's Saturday, and that means it's time for another typological paper! Once again, there will be some prompts for you to discuss in the comments.

Tone: Is it Different? (Hyman)

This week's paper was posted by luy on the subreddit's Discord server, and I decided to use it as a TyPoW. It provides a general overview of what tone is, what kind of misconceptions there are among linguists and delivers some thorough natlang examples. If you're not familiar with the concept of tone at all, check out the Wikipedia page on it. Now onto this week's prompts:

• Is your language tonal?
  • How many phonemic tones are there in your language?
  • What's the tone-bearing unit (e.g. syllable or mora)?
  • How does tone behave morphophonologically? Are there any processes going on (e.g. tone sandhi)?
  • Does tone interact with phonation in your language?
  • Are there register or contour tones in your language? Is there a combination of both?
• How did tones arise in your language? Did tonogenesis or tonoexodus occur?
• Does your language exhibit pitch-accent?
• If your language is not tonal, tell us about its intonation patterns!

Remember to try to comment on other people's languages

Submit your papers here!

So, that's about it for this week's edition. See you next Saturday, and happy conlanging!

Pilot on me!!