Has anyone ever tried to create a large-scale grammar of phrase structure rules for English? Obviously nobody has created a perfect one yet, but I was wondering if there are any pretty-good grammars out there that I could take a look at. Is there an industry-standard PSG?

Without the comma in the post title, the sentence (as far as I understand) would technically be grammatically correct. However, the comma's presence can make the sentence much easier to parse, and the pause is inserted naturally if the sentence is read correctly. I've seen this comma inserted in many such sentences in print, but I don't recall ever learning a rule about its usage. I would call it a comma splice, but that term seems to be restricted to an incorrect joining of two independent clauses, but in the case of the post title, it's a dependent clause after the comma.

So, does this comma-injection have a name? Using it makes me feel a bit dirty as a grammar stickler; should I feel that way?

Another example of what I'm talking about:

> He shared an anecdote of how his victory in the competition run by the organization with the extremely long and convoluted name, furthered his interest in learning more about the field.

Q: "Construct a phrase-structure grammar that will generate {0^(n)1^(2n)111 | n > 0}."

Here's my solution:

S -> 011A

A -> S

A -> 111

There's no empty string since there has to be at least one 0 and five 1s.

http://i39.tinypic.com/wqq1ci.png

Especially the second one.

And is it necessary to have the production rule
S-->A in the first question? Or could you treat S as A, and eliminate A as redundant?

So I was just wondering how to say a simple phrase like "dad's dog", so I plugged it into Google Translate. I don't know if this is a correct translation, because Google Translate gets a lot of hate, but I assume it's at least somewhat valid? But I'm really not sure on what this grammar is called. It seems like it's more than just a declension of папа, but what is it?

Simple rule: rewrite a copypasta using anoþer lang's grammar for oþers to guess þe lang.

This might be a troglodyte-esque post so sorry if it's a stupid question- but through years of religious school, my Bar Mitzvah prep when I was young, etc I know how to read Hebrew and could probably write words if they were spoken out loud. Like if there were Hebrew words on a paper I could do a decent job reading it out. Basically I can "code-break" the language but I have no idea what any words mean (for the most part). I know what some basic words mean/prayer related words but that's all.

I want to learn the language properly/independently (like not paying for tutors and stuff). How long do you estimate this would take, and what are some ways I could go about this?

(btw I am 17 years old, which is technically past the golden age to absorb languages but its still possible)

Using the て form to connect phrases in Japanese is extremely versatile. Unfortunately, it isn’t always explained clearly in grammar guides. Most people, myself included, only learned at first that it indicates two successive actions: 「食べて、寝ました。」”I ate, and then went to bed.” And while this is true, anyone who wants to speak like a native Japanese will need to understand its many other uses too. Let’s go over these, in four categories:

1) Indicating a simultaneous action or state. (In Japanese, this is called 付帯状況(ふたいじょうきょう).) While the main action (after the て) is taking place, a secondary action or state (before the て) is also taking place.

暑かったので、窓を開けて寝ました。(あつかったので、まどをあけてねました。) It was hot, so I slept with the window open.

手を上げて道路を渡った。 (てをあげてどうろをわたった。) I crossed the road with my hand raised.

The use of ~を使って(~をつかって), meaning “using”, is part of this category.

包丁を使って料理をした。(ほうちょうをつかってりょうりをした。) I cooked using a kitchen knife.

For this category, note that the subject must be the same for both actions on each side of the て. In the three example sentences above, the subject is the unspoken “I” (私, わたし).

2) Successive actions, one after another. (In Japanese, this is called 継起(けいき).)

６時にうちに帰って、夕食を食べた。(ろくじにうちにかえって、ゆうしょくをたべた。) I got home at six o’clock and (then) ate dinner.

歯を磨いて寝た。(はをみがいてねた。) I brushed my teeth and (then) went to bed.

Also for this category, the subject must be the same on both sides of the て.

3) Indicating a cause or reason. (In Japanese, this is called 原因(げんいん) or 理由(りゆう)).

子供が生まれて、家が賑やかになりました。 (こどもがうまれて、いえがにぎやかになりました。) The child was born and so the house has gotten lively.

歯を磨いて口の中がすっきりした。(はをみがいてくちのなかがすっきりした。) I brushed my teeth and so the inside of my mouth felt clean.

彼が来て安心した。(かれがきてあんしんした。) He’s arrived, so I’m relieved.

4) Two entirely separate and independent phrases. (In Japanese, this is called 並列(へいれつ).) Here, て acts like a comma or "and" in English.

おじいさんは山へ行って、おばあさんは川へ行きました。(おじいさんはやまへいって、おばあさんはかわへいきました。) The old man went to the mountain, and the old woman went to the river.

太郎は就職して、次郎は大学院に入りました。(たろうはしゅうしょくして、じろうはだいがくいんにはいりました。) Taro got a job, and Jiro went to graduate school.

この図書館は、広くて、新しい。 (このとしょかんは、ひろくて、あたらしい。) This library is spacious and new. (Note that we used an adjective here instead of another verb!)

Negating the て form:

て has several negative forms, such as ~ないで, ~なくて, or

Hey!

´For two years now, I've had a gig teaching a twelve-lesson block each year at the state ministry of Agriculture and Environment in Saxony where I live. The lessons are supposed to be predominately focused on translating EU regulations from English into German. (It's not fun! -- Well, we're all fun people doing a grind and we have good conversations around stuff.) The idea is that these guys have to read draft regulations in English and provide their comments... because they aren't translated into German until they're finalized.

I'd like to offer a few grammar points that go beyond whatever comes up in that day's translation in the interest of making it look like I add value to the whole thing. In the past we've done relative clauses and ways of showing causation.

Now, as I'm preparing to make material that goes beyond soliciting regulations that are currently relevant, I'm drawing a blank on something. So, I'll ask: does anyone have a suggestion of something that would be beneficial to cover and review a few times? For reference, they're in two groups, of which average about A2 and B2 levels.

Skyrim shouts, for example don't seem like they translate 1:1 between Dragon and Not-Dragon language.

Time stop is, when translated: "Time" "Sand" "Eternity".

Which, if you have the context, you can probably get, but the way the statement is structured implies that there's a level of auto interpretation that occurs to properly fire off the intended effect. Does this auto interpreter work better, the more specific you are? If you explicitly said "Time Is Slow", would that have a more drastic effect than brute forcing?

Consider also that without any other modifiers, you could just shout "Time", and achieve a similar but less intense effect. Could you then just keep screaming "Time" over and over with the same intent?

Or not time; what about just "Sand" or "Eternity"?

And would the order matter? "Eternity Time Sand"? "Sand Eternity Time"?

TL;DR: Thuum effectiveness in relation to your wording?

The phrase has infuriated me for years; I’ve searched high and low in attempts to understand the grammar of it but constantly seem to be missing something. Could someone please help me.

Title.

I'm a freshman college student who, for some reason, has developed an interest in linguistics. Probably because YouTube decided to recommend me conlanging content. Anyway, I would like to learn what a lot of the seemingly complex terminology is referring to. I think this will help me enjoy the strange patterns of the YouTube algorithm more as well as potentially help me grasp concepts better in languages I plan to take classes for.

Hi all! O level English Papers are 2 days away, and I’ve been investing a decent amount of effort into learning discursive essays. I’m looking for suggestions on areas I could improve on, here’s the essay I wrote as practice, thanks again!

Topic (got this from a school’s prelim paper I found online, can’t quite remember which): ‘Social Media is a double-edged sword’. Write about the blessings and curses of social media.

—

As the legend goes, when the gods granted King Midas his golden touch, he was delighted. Everything he touched — flowers, trees, stones, — all turned to gold. Yet to his horror, he soon discovered that this newfound power had unintended consequences. The food he touched — turned to gold. The water he tried to drink — turned to gold. Even his beloved daughter was too, turned to gold.

Mankind experienced something similar in the 21st century — the rise of Social Media. It has impacted our lives irreversibly, bringing entertainment and countless conveniences. However, akin to the Trojans at Troy, with these gifts, may come hidden costs.

The greatest benefit of social media is the connectivity it offers. We live in an era with an unprecedented level of connectivity. Someone in Alaska can have an in-depth conversation with someone in Singapore, all at the touch of a button. This connectivity allows us to form otherwise impossible relationships all over the globe.

Social Media also allows us to shine the spotlight on pressing social issues. Take recent world events such as the Black Lives Matter movement in America, or the increasingly urgent calls for world leaders to better address climate change. It is because of social media that we can better bring attention to these matters and improve as a species.

Yet, these blessings are not without a price. With this hyper connectivity, the term “doom-scrolling” has been coined to describe spending excessive time trawling through feeds of negative news. News headlines blare about terror attacks, natural disasters, and most recently, the ongoing pandemic. This easily overwhelms person, and negatively impacts mental health and one’s wellbeing.

Last but not least, social media — albeit unintentionally, contributes to creating a rat race. Humans are competitive creatures by nature. Perceiving others to have flashier gadgets and trendier fashion accessories can cause one to look outwards with envy and inwards with self-doubt. This is unhealthy for one’s self-esteem, and the act of “keeping up with

I'm writing my BA thesis. I want to analyze some titles on video platform, but it involved many noun phrases and interrogative sentences, which puzzles me a lot. Many books about SFL are using declarative sentences as examples.

I don't know whether it belongs to beginner's questions because i just read some books of Haliday's theory and step into this new area for four weeks QAQ. i would appreciate if you can provide some papers, books or videos concerned.

/u/Jo-Mako and I created an online search tool for looking up usage of words, phrases, grammar, and sentence patterns in anime.

IKD (Immersion Kit Dictionary):

https://www.immersionkit.com/dictionary

We leveraged the anime Anki decks Jo Mako has created over the years to create an online full-text search database, each sentence complete with quality screenshots, audio, translation, and furigana. Currently we have compiled over 120k sentences in 24 different series, but we plan to add more shortly.

Search in Japanese, English, or Romaji

Japanese words: you can search individual words like 書く、走る and also their inflected forms like 書かない and 走った.

English words: you can search for "hate" with the double quotes to search for all the ways the word hate can be expressed in Japanese.

Obviously there are sentences containing the words いや, 嫌い, or 憎む but you can also find more subtle ways in Japanese to express hate as in I hate to say it or I hate to break it to you.

Japanese sentence pattern search: you can search for multiple words in Japanese to look for certain phrases. Many of you might know the pattern 別に...ない as a common way of expressing tsundere lines in anime. You can search with the keywords 別にない or だってだもん to look what these patterns mean in different contexts.

Japanese grammar search: you can search for usage of grammatical patterns like たとえ でも and ことがある to look for usage of these patterns.

Grammatical patterns that contain other words between them like たとえ〜でも don't have an entry on common dictionary websites like Jisho, so you would have to look elsewhere to find out what it means or how it's used. On IKD however you can find lots of example sentences with this exact pattern and what they mean in different contexts.

**English se

Hello everyone,

So I am currently studying grammar for the JLPT N3 using the Shin Kanzen Master dedicated textbook. I do a section by writing a summary of how each point introduced is used and I include an example sentence, then wait a day and see if I can manage to do the exercises. For the 1st part of the book, this technique seemed to work but now that I have arrived to the part where we have to distinguish between similar grammar points I am struggling a lot doing the exercises.

I have also finished the anki Shin Kanzen Master N3 grammar deck and the JLPTsensei one to mine some example sentences with the grammar structures but I was wondering if you have some tips on how to tackle this issue I am having.

When I get an exercise wrong I go back to the grammar points and write in red why that option was not correct but... should I be putting these missed exercises into anki as well?

Any advice or resource suggestions on grammar learning will be super appreciated as it is by far my weakest skill which has me stuck at an N3 level (learning vocabulary with anki is easy for me).

Thank you very much in advance for your help!

Which is better? Any experience?

And are usually replaced by slang phrases that while are technically wrong, they've become the norm to be used in almost every informal speech case? Meaning, they want to have their grammar 100% correct. Would it strike you as pedantic learners who are trying too hard?

Using the て form to connect phrases in Japanese is extremely versatile. Unfortunately, it isn’t always explained clearly in grammar guides. Most people, myself included, only learned at first that it indicates two successive actions: 「食べて、寝ました。」”I ate, and then went to bed.” And while this is true, anyone who wants to speak like a native Japanese will need to understand its many other uses too. Let’s go over these, in four categories:

1) Indicating a simultaneous action or state. (In Japanese, this is called 付帯状況(ふたいじょうきょう).) While the main action (after the て) is taking place, a secondary action or state (before the て) is also taking place.

暑かったので、窓を開けて寝ました。(あつかったので、まどをあけてねました。) It was hot, so I slept with the window open.

手を上げて道路を渡った。 (てをあげてどうろをわたった。) I crossed the road with my hand raised.

The use of ~を使って(~をつかって), meaning “using”, is part of this category.

包丁を使って料理をした。(ほうちょうをつかってりょうりをした。) I cooked using a kitchen knife.

For this category, note that the subject must be the same for both actions on each side of the て. In the three example sentences above, the subject is the unspoken “I” (私, わたし).

2) Successive actions, one after another. (In Japanese, this is called 継起(けいき).)

６時にうちに帰って、夕食を食べた。(ろくじにうちにかえって、ゆうしょくをたべた。) I got home at six o’clock and (then) ate dinner.

歯を磨いて寝た。(はをみがいてねた。) I brushed my teeth and (then) went to bed.

Also for this category, the subject must be the same on both sides of the て.

3) Indicating a cause or reason. (In Japanese, this is called 原因(げんいん) or 理由(りゆう)).

子供が生まれて、家が賑やかになりました。 (こどもがうまれて、いえがにぎやかになりました。) The child was born and so the house has gotten lively.

歯を磨いて口の中がすっきりした。(はをみがいてくちのなかがすっきりした。) I brushed my teeth and so the inside of my mouth felt clean.

彼が来て安心した。(かれがきてあんしんした。) He’s arrived, so I’m relieved.

4) Two entirely separate and independent phrases. (In Japanese, this is called 並列(へいれつ).) Here, て acts like a comma or "and" in English.

おじいさんは山へ行って、おばあさんは川へ行きました。(おじいさんはやまへいって、おばあさんはかわへいきました。) The old man went to the mountain, and the old woman went to the river.

太郎は就職して、次郎は大学院に入りました。(たろうはしゅうしょくして、じろうはだいがくいんにはいりました。) Taro got a job, and Jiro went to graduate school.

この図書館は、広くて、新しい。 (このとしょかんは、ひろくて、あたらしい。) This library is spacious and new. (Note that we used an adjective here instead of another verb!)

Negating the て form:

て has several negative forms, such as ~ないで, ~なくて