edit: *after they lost the ejectives

Hello, I'm a fellow student of linguistics and I'm very interested in the phonology of different languages. But there are some phonemes that I find extremely hard to pronounce, these being the ejectives and the pharyngealized consonants. I can understand the difference in sound and I understand the concept behind such phonemes, but I cannot produce them. Could you help me with advice and exercises used to learn how produce them?

It is usually agreed upon that Proto-Semitic had some sort of voiceless glottalized consoants for emphatics which came to be realized as ejectives in some branches, e.g. Ethiopic Semitic, and as pharyngealized (or uvularized) in Arabic, Aramaic etc. How did Arabic get voiced pharyngealized consonants though, e.g. /zˤ~ðˤ dˤ/?

Earlier Semitic emphatics seem to be have been realized as ejectives as they were solely restricted to voiceless phonemes, e.g. Akkadian <ṭ ṣ q> being /tʼ sʼ~t͡sʼ kʼ/, and we know that there were a few more voiceless ones in Proto-Semitic that fused with others in some branches, e.g. <t̠̣ ṣ́>, possibly fricatives /θʼ ɬʼ/ or affricates /t͡θʼ t͡ɬʼ/. Current emphatics in Aramaic are pharyngealized but they're restricted to voiceless phonemes as well, namely /tˤ sˤ/.

So how did Arabic get its voiced phargynealized consonants? Do /tˤ dˤ/ come from PS <ṭ>? How did we get from ejectives to [ɮˤ~dɮˤ] in Classical Arabic? I can't seem to find literature on the matter even though a lot of discussion comes up on the nature of emphatic consonants in PS and even in Proto-Afroasiatic.

When I type in s_?\ it outputs s͡ʕ and not sˤ like it should. It also doesn't support apostrophe for palatalization though that's not as big a deal since I can use _j for that. Proper rendering of some sort for tone contours might be nice too, as it stands a_F_R comes out as â̌. Maybe it would be better to default to tone letters? Seems like I see those more often anyway. Those are the only real issues I can find- it's otherwise an excellent converter.

EDIT: also, _^ for non-syllabic doesn't render right.

So I've decided to add two pharyngealized consonants to my conlang, \sˤ\ and \tˤ, and I'm confused about their overall pronunciation. In theory, I technically know how they would be pronounced and can do it, but I have some questions regarding their placement in a word:

1. They always seem to change the way the following vowel is pronounced. Is there any way around that or is that normal?

2. Can a pharyngealized consonant exist at the end or beginning of a word? If so, how should their articulation be set up?

I've tried looking for videos to describe this, but to no avail, as all I can find are just videos describing the independent sounds in Arabic. Any help would be greatly appreciated! :)

In Aran there are four pharyngealized (emphatic) consonants /dˤ/ /tˤ/ /zˤ/ /sˤ/ and I was wondering if they would effect a following vowel.

I recently ran across a comment from a seemingly not at all authoritative source that nevertheless intrigued me. He said the that difference between ت د س ذ and their pharyngealized counterparts (ط ض ص ظ) was not as drastic in Lebanese Arabic as it is in some other dialects and I wanted to get the opinion of others on that topic.

For me, though I almost always hear a difference in the vowel quality, the change in consonant quality seems to vary from seeming very slight to fairly pronounced but not as pronounced as I've noticed it to be in MSA or in some other dialects (prior to really studying Levantine, and especially Lebanese, Arabic in earnest my greatest exposure was to Saudi and Omani speakers).

Due to my own linguistic background my ears are pretty sensitive to pharyngealization and yet I just don't seem to be hearing it as strongly in Lebanese, but I wonder if this is just a processing error.

I'm eager to hear what the rest of you think. Does Lebanese Arabic "emphasis the emphatics" as much or less than other versions of Arabic?

If I have a word with an emphatic consonant in the middle, are all the vowels in that word pharyngealized? E. g. In the name لطيفة, are the last and first vowels affected too?

Additionally, which one is more retracted?

In my language Kalavi, the pharyngeal consonants of ʕ and ħ are used. Kalavi is a language spoken by dragons (in my universe) and I would like to believe they would use their 'throats' more often as phonemic material.

That being said, I am just curious as to how common is it amongst languages in the conlanging community. Do your phonological inventories have pharyngeal consonants? Does pharyngealisation only occur as secondary articulation? Are they semivowels? Do they evolve into other sounds as time goes on? What circumstances led to pharyngeal consonants becoming part of your inventory?

None of the descriptions online make sense. Are you pushing your tongue so far back it touches the back of your throat? Is an epiglottal trill just that growly thing? So many questions.

Although it seems like epiglottal stop and epiglottal trills (/ʡ/, /ʜ/, /ʢ/) are not on the IPA table itself, but are mentioned separately under “Other Symbols”. Even more interestingly, the IPA calls /ʜ/ and /ʢ/ “epiglottal fricatives”.

And for what it’s worth, the Wikipedia page for Epiglottal consonant redirects you to the Pharyngeal consonant page.

The International Phonetic Alphabet Keyboard(2005 revised edition)

Missing some symbols? Apply Doulos SIL font

Consonants (Pulmonic)

BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPostalveolarRetroflexPalatal Velar UvularPharyngealGlottalPlosivepbtdʈɖcɟkɡqɢ ʔ NasalmɱnɳɲŋɴTrillʙrʀTap or FlapⱱɾɽFricativeɸβfvθðszʃʒʂʐçʝxɣχʁħʕhɦLateral fricativeɬɮApproximantʋɹɻjɰLateral approximantlɭʎʟ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)

ClicksVoiced implosivesEjectivesʘBilabialɓBilabialʼExamples:ǀDentalɗDental/alveolarpʼBilabalǃ(Post)alveolarʄPalataltʼDental/alveolarǂPalatoalveolarɠVelarkʼVelarǁAlveolar lateralʛUvularsʼAlveolar fricative

Vowels

📷FrontCentralBackCloseClose-midOpen-midOpeniyɨʉɯuɪʏʊeøɘɵɤoəɛœɜɞʌɔæɐaɶɑɒ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Other Symbols

ʍVoiceless labial-velar fricativeɕʑAlveolo-palatal fricativeswVoiced labial-velar approximantɺAlveolar lateral flapɥVoiced labial-palatal approximantɧSimultaneous ʃ and xʜVoiceless epiglottal fricativek͡p t͜s
◌͡◌ ◌͜◌

Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

ʢVoiced epiglottal fricativeʡEpiglottal plosive

Suprasegmentals

ˈPrimary stressˌSecondary stressˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃənːLongeːˑHalf-longeˑ◌̆Extra shortĕ|Minor (foot) group‖Major (intonation) group.Syllable breakɹi.ækt‿Linking (absence of a break)

Diacritics

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊

◌̥Voicelessn̥d̥◌̤Breathy voicedb̤a̤◌̪Dentalt̪d̪◌̬Voiceds̬t̬◌̰Creaky voicedb̰a̰◌̺Apicalt̺d̺ʰAspiratedtʰdʰ◌̼Linguolabialt̼d̼◌̻Laminalt̻d̻◌̹More roundedɔ̹ʷLabalizedtʷdʷ◌̃Nasalizedẽ◌̜Less roundedɔ̜ʲPalatalizedtʲdʲⁿNasal releasedⁿ◌̟Advancedu̟ˠVelarizedtˠdˠˡLateral releasedˡ◌̠Retractede̠ˤPharyngealizedtˤdˤ◌̚No audible released̚◌̈Centralizedë◌̴Velarized or pharyngealizedɫ◌̽Mid-centralizede̽◌̝Raisede̝(ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative)◌̩Syllabicn̩◌̞Lowerede̞(β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)◌̯Non-syllabice̯◌̘Advanced Tongue Roote̘˞Rhoticityɚa˞◌̙Retracted Tongue Roote̙

Tones and Word Accents

LevelContoure̋or˥Extra highěor˩˥Risingé˦Highê˥˩Fallingē˧Mide᷄˦˥High risingè˨Lowe᷅˩˨Low risingȅ˩Extra lowe᷈˧˦˧Rising-falling↓Downstep↗Global rise↑Upstep↘Global fall

I actually have more questions than the title suggests...

I've been studying phonetics and phonotactics on my own for a while and I am completely unable to distinguish between these consonants by ear, other than the voicing. I can pretty easily distinguish between most, if not all, consonants that are uvular and forward. My native language is English, in case that puts me at some sort of disadvantage here.

I see info and articles about these consonants fairly often, but they seem to be sufficiently rare compared to "mouth" consonants (other than the glottal stop) so I can't find many examples of them. To me, at least, all of these examples sound exactly the same. It's getting to the point where I'm finding it hard to believe there's any difference between these at all and that they're just made up!

Anyway, I'm now wondering if there are any languages that distinguish them. Otherwise, are a language's "breathy" consonants just conditioned by the other sounds which appear in that language? (and if so, is the distinction even useful?) If anyone can provide some links/sources on those topics, it would be great. Even just decent-quality recordings that of these consonants would be nice. Also, if anyone could describe how an epiglottal consonant is actually articulated, that would be fantastic.

Thanks!

This is regarding the IPA section on the far right http://i.imgur.com/QlSdx4A.png. Are any of ħ, ʜ, h, ɦ distinct in any language enough to cause confusion?

For example, s and z are distinct enough to cause confusion in English (sit vs zit) although some speakers may use them interchangeably in some words without causing confusion ( organise vs organize ).

Could someone please explain how to pronounce pharyngeal consonants?

I can't seem to pronounce them correctly and I have a hard time telling them apart from regular consonants as well

Basically, when and where did it originate? When did it spread to different branches (Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, Berber)? As I understand the emphatics of Afro-Asiatic are reconstructed as ejectives. My impression is that a pharyngealized series isn't common worldwide so I'm guessing it originated once and spread (though correct me if I'm wrong).

Also, were (and are) the nonemphatic voiceless consonants aspirated? A voiced-aspirated-ejective split seems more plausible to me (as a nonlinguist) given that it exists in other languages like Sotho and given the transliteration of Hebrew and Arab words and names into the west (Matthew, Phineas, alchemy, &c).

video in question

EDIT: Well, it seems they just privated the video so I'll give them at least credit for taking down this badlinguistics instead of letting it keep spreading misinformation. I'll try to add more information in here to make it clear what their reconstructions were and why they're wrong.

R4: This is just... a bunch of random vowels more often than not and random application of late Classical Hebrew features such as the spirantization of /t/ to [θ] (including in places where that spirantization should not take place) while also not including the spirantization for other consonants such as /b/ to [v] for... some reason? It also seems to take features and pronounciations from Modern Hebrew, Late Classical Hebrew and Early Biblical Hebrew all at the same time which is... safe to say, not accurate. I'll try to list as many errors as I can reasonably get through with roughly when they are in the video and I'll try not to repeat points too much if I already covered the same point before since a lot of errors here repeat (random /a/ vowels, random uses of /ɣ/, inconsistent spirantization, no consonant lengthening, ignoring the Canaanite shift, forgetting that ha- demends consonant gemination for most consonants, etc).

• 5 seconds in: /ɣabariθ/ 'Hebrew' - the /a/ vowel is there randomally as forms such /'ʕeber/ (Tiberean Hebrew: 'ʕɛβɛr) imply this is a qatl/qitl noun originally in PS and thus, our way to know the original vowel quality is via suffixation. Other forms of this noun with a suffix imply it's qitl and thus */ʕibr/ originally such as [ʕiβri:] 'Hebrew' (a person, not the language). The second /a/ wouldn't be there even if the first was /a/ as it derives from a qatl/qitl noun and reverts back to those forms with suffixation and thus, even if its /ʕabr/ originally, it should be /ʕabri:t/. I have no clue why /ɣ/ is used here. It did exist in Early Biblical Hebrew, but this is not Early Biblical Hebrew based on the random spirantization (the final [θ] instead of /t/) which is a Later feature (roughly, Roman era feature of Hebrew), after /ɣ/ merged into /ʔ/ (roughly, around 200BC when the Septuagint still showed some signs of it, but afterwards, there are no more signs of that consonant in name transcriptions). Afterwards, /ha-ʃapa barura/ 'the clear language'. If this is early Biblical Hebrew like the /ɣ/ implies, it should be /ɬapa/. I'll give them credit that some dialects might have merged /ɬ

translation first, rant later ;)

The translation was inspired by a report by a Bulgarian news station about the people's views on the COVID vaccine. Sadly I can't find the video.

Ongalan:

VIUARDDŽTUZ: Vghalųinuscha iujuarmįjiu ač vaikcįna tį vdą ač kairašteiz-aischąnąr?

ĄE: Jųi. Eačikovoštasąm vdašniu ač kairašteiz-aischąnąr, osġitiu osvįną aroi mįde tį je ač vaikcįna vdašniu COVID iujuarmįniž.

ĄE: Kurvostaną vdą eait kova kui óž vdą kairaštir.

English:

REPORTER: Do you think that everyone should get the vaccine despite the side effects?

MAN: Yeah. Regardless of the side effects, I think it's important that everyone gets the COVID vaccine.

MAN: It's helpful to not only me but to everyone else.

Gloss:

vghalųin-uscha            iujuarmį-jiu            ač  vaikcįna tį vdą  ač 
v̩ɣlə̃n   -uʃa              ɨjɨə̯mẽ   -jɨ             ətʃ vɛktsẽna tẽ v̩dã  ətʃ 
think   -2SG.DUB.NF.IMPFV receive -3PL.VOL.NF.PFV DEF vaccine  despite DEF 

kairašte-iz  -aischąn-ąr
kɛʁaʃte -j  -ɛʃãn   -ãə̯
other   -ADJZ-effect -PL

jųi eači-kovoštas-ąm  vdašniu  ač  kairašte-iz  -aischąn-ąr osġit-iu
jə̃  ətʃi-kʋoʃtes -ãm  v̩daʃnɨ   ətʃ  kɛʁaʃte -j  -ɛʃãn   -ãə̯ osɢitɨ
yes NEG- regard  -NMZ GEN.INAN DEF other   -ADJZ-effect -PL think-1SG.DUB.NF.PFV

osvį-ną             aroi      mįde tį je ač  vaikcįna vdašniu  COVID iujuarmį
osʋẽ-nã             aʁoi      mẽde tẽ je ətʃ vɛktsẽna v̩daʃnɨ    kovit ɨjɨə̯mẽ
be  -3SG.IND.NF.PFV important that       DEF vaccine  GEN.INAN covid receive

-niž
-niʒ
-3PL.JUS.NF.PFV

Kurvosta  -ną             vdą    eait kova kui óž  vdą    kairaštir.
kuə̯ʋosta  -nã             v̩dã    et   kʋa  kɨ  oˤʒ v̩dã    kɛʁaʃtiə̯
be.helpful-3SG.IND.NF.PFV GEN.AN NEG  only 1SG but GEN.AN everyone

crossing my fingers that this is correct

I created Ongalan a while back in early November. It's a pretty decent conlang, but the problem is its orthography and phonology. It has 29 consonant phonemes, which is fine, but it has 64 SEPERATE VOWEL PHONEMES. Not allophones, no free variation, 64 actual phonemes. They are either plain, pharyngealized, nasalized, long, and even a high tone (took the idea from Archi). The pharyngealized, nasalized, and high tone vowels can even combine with length. Though, some of these vowels are super rare and don't appear in that many places.

To represent all 6

Pertaining semitic languages, a similar phenomenon has occured with Akkadian: it has lost the pharyngeal consonants. (likely due to Sumerian influence) Could this also have occured with PIE?

I just watched Dune the other day and wholeheartedly recommend it. While watching it I was fascinated by the Arrakians which entire culture and language (Fremen) is based on Arabic nomadic tribes like the Bedouins.

Today I decided to read more about the language they spoke and found these paragraphs in the Dune wiki:

“The Fremen language was a descendant of Arabic of Earth and Chakobsa..”

“Fremen derives mainly from Arabic however it has distanced much from that ancient language, and enriched with other contemporary ones, usually towards simplification. The emphatic consonants as well as pharyngeals and the glottal stop have disappeared. Same happened with vocalic length.”

“Complex mutational morphology was simplified towards a syntactically isolating language. Gender distinction in adjectives and dual number..”

source

Note that Dune is set about 16,000 years in the future. The author (Frank Herbert) took great care into constructing actual possible evolutions of the languages used. I am mind blown!

Has any of you linguists read the book or watched the movie and noticed this immense work that went into constructing the languages?

I guess I'm writing these now. Also, I made the chart more compact

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/Anjeez929 with 5 points:

>"Haka", a word based on the prefix "hak(a)-", means "Fish and Chips"
>
>My reasoning:
>
>French->French Fries+Fish=Fish and Chips

By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:

>Existing /ɕ/ becomes /ʂ/, still represented with <ś>. Similarly, existing /tɕ/ becomes /ʈʂ/, represented with <ć>.
>
>From there, /x/ becomes /ɕ/, yet again keeping its orthography of <x>, and /dʑ/ devoices into /tɕ/ and is represented with <ģ>.
>
>/n/ word-finally disappears, but it becomes /j/ in liaison if the word is followed with a vowel-initial.
>
>/ŋ/ nasalizes the vowel preceding it. In the case of ńi, it nasalizes the vowel after it i.e. the /i/.
>
>/ɲ/ becomes /nij/.
>
>Lastly, all cases of /ə/ become /a/, represented with <a>, and rhotic vowel harmony is dismantled. I'm sorry to see it go.

I'm just going to make all the vowels in a word that used to have rhotic vowel harmony into /a/ but vowels in prefixes won't turn into /a/ when added to them.

Xwi̤i̤kwçar ghjãr yytssĩĩ tswĩj tzwqwũũt' tssĩĩtswt' xwi̤i̤ qwḭḭkw ghjãrtswĩjq

/ˈχ͈ʷe̘ːkʷ˨˩̤.xa̟˞˧˨ˤ ɣ̟ʲa̟˞˦˥̰ ˈə̘ː˧˨ˤ.t̠͈͡ʃʃ͈e̘ː˦˥̰ t̠͈͡ʃʷei̙˦˥̰ ˈt͈͡sʷq͈ʷo̘ːt̻ʼ˦˥̰ t̠͈͡ʃʃ͈e̘ːt͡ʃʷt̻ʼ˦˥̰ χ͈ʷe̘ː˨˩̤ q͈ʷe̘ːk͈ʷ˧˩̰ ˈɣ̟ʲa̟˞˦˥̰.t̠͈͡ʃʷei̙q͈˦˥̰ /

She was playing on the beach under the setting sun this afternoon

Xwi̤i̤kwçar ghjãr yytssĩĩ   tswĩj tzwqwũũt' tssĩĩtswt' xwi̤i̤ qwḭḭkw ghjãrtswĩjq
Beach     at    afternoon this  sunset    under      she  play  IMPERF

171ian (one hundred seventy onian) is a conlang I developed for fictional purposes. It's the language spoken in the "Republic" of 171 and Tzwsyjkwçjyy, a secessionist territory and unrecognized country that aims to become independent from Brazil. It's a conlang in-universe too, as it was artificially devised to be the national language.

Phonology

171ian's phonology is rather unusual, and that's intentional. The in-universe creator wanted the language to stand out as a national symbol, the rationale being that it would make the "country" itself stand out as a result. (thanks u/acpyr2 for the help with romanization)

Consonants

Vowels

(One could argue that each of the following vowels also has a creaky voiced, a breathy voiced and a pharyngealized counterpart. They wouldn't be wrong, but 171ian linguists consider these voicings as part of the tones rather than the vowels)

Monophtongs

Diphtongs

Tones

Along with pitch, tones in 171ian also include additional voicings

(Yeah, it might be somewhat counterintuitive to use tilde above for something other than nasalization, but i found no other way around it)

Syntax

171ia

In this game, you can vote for:

• 3 consonants for immunity and 1 consonant to go
• 2 consonants for immunity and 2 consonants to go
• 1 consonant for immunity and 3 consonants to go
• And you can (not must) revive an eliminated consonant but it uses an immunity spot

You must choose to follow one and only one of these formats.

The sounds that the top comment picks shall be granted elimination and immunity respectively.

The final 3 consonants will be the winners of this challenge. (I'll try my best to make this daily)

[q] has been revived and [ħ], [ʕ], and [ʡ] have been eliminated for this round!

Upvotes: 5

Top Comment:

Eliminate the 3 pharyngeals, revive [q].

https://preview.redd.it/8xqro9d8pnz71.png?width=604&format=png&auto=webp&s=277e9e30464e08622e327f1f69c0ff482c9e903e

And Round 9, begin!

Do you have a question about language or linguistics? You’ve come to the right subreddit! We welcome questions from people of all backgrounds and levels of experience in linguistics.

This is our weekly Q&A post, which is posted every Monday. We ask that certain types of questions be asked here instead of in a separate post.

Questions that should be posted in the Q&A thread:

• Beginner questions — if you’re looking for a general answer that can be found in an introductory textbook, then it probably belongs here. If you ask in a separate post we’ll ask you to move it here.

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• Asking why someone (yourself, a celebrity, etc.) has a certain language feature — unless it’s a well-known dialectal feature, we can usually only provide very general answers to this type of question. And if it’s a well-known dialectal feature, it still belongs here.

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We’ll ask you to move your post to the Q&A thread if you post it on the front page and we think it fits one of the above categories. You’re free to post your question here.

If you post your question to the Q&A thread and don’t get an answer by the end of the week, you can post it as a separate post. If it’s already the weekend, you might want to wait to post your question until the new Q&A post goes up on Monday.

Discouraged Questions

These types of questions are subject to removal:

• Asking for answers to homework problems. If you’re not sure how to do a problem, ask about the concepts and methods that are giving you trouble. Avoid posting the actual problem if you can.

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• Asking for grammaticality judgments and usage advice — basically, these are questions that should be directed to spe

Overview

Below is a fairly advanced draft overview of some of the main features of Siðanse, a language I've been working on slowly for the past few months. I've already posted here a couple times about my experiments with Consonant Lenition and Definite Article Suffixes as part of the language but life got busy and the project was slow for a while. Now, I've reinvigorated it, spent some time fleshing out the features, tightening up sound changes, deciding how I'm going to implement some grammatical rules, and decided I'd show it off a bit.

Siðanse is a distant cousin of Agēre, which I've posted on previously and have dedicated a conlang showcase to on my YouTube channel. Both languages evolved from a Proto-language called Birasne Feor (Bf.). I've included an image below which compares a prayer in both languages line by line so you can compare them for yourself, along with a translation in English. Details on how to read the passages are under the Orthography heading below. I've highlighted some key differences between the grammars of Agēre and Siðanse (from now on, Ag. and Sn.) which has been fun from a comparative approach perspective. That was my dream when I began the project back in 2020 and it's nice to see it taking shape.

(Disclaimer: while this might be an advanced draft, it's still far from complete. I haven't implemented much in the way of higher-level semantic differences, such as Drift or Derivation, quite yet, but I hope this will be an enjoyable read nonetheless and show how the project is taking shape.)

Translation of a prayer in Agēre, Siðanse, and English.

Orthography

Both Ag. and Sn. passages above are written in IPA, there are no allophones, macrons in Ag. mark long vowels, dots above consonant-initial words mark consonant lenition in Sn., and punctuation for both includes commas, full stops, hyphens, and apostrophes.

Phonology and Phonotactics

Sn. has no long vowels and a few sounds not found in Ag., such as:

• Post-alveolar and Pharyngeal fricatives /ʃ, ʒ, x, ħ̇/;
• a distinction between low front and back vowels /æ ~ a/;
• front rounded vowels /ø, y/, and;
• low-mid vowels /ɛ, ɔ/.

Stress in Ag. is far more complex than Sn. and is mora-based so, generally, if you stress the penultimate syllable you'll have a good feel for how it sounds. Otherwise, check out my c

Hi all! From my understanding, in proto Semitic, the "emphatic" consonants are believed to have been realized as ejective consonants. However, in Arabic and Hebrew, they changed into pharyngeal consonants. First of all, is this indeed the scholarly understanding of the topic? If so, does anyone know what phonetic articulatory or acoustic processes could have led to this sound change? Also, does anyone know of any other languages (preferably not Afroasiatic) in which the sound change "ejective > pharyngeal" is attested? Thanks so much!

I just noticed that Palestine in Arabic is written with an emphatic ṭ (falasṭin) and Somalia is written with an emphatic ṣ (a-ṣumal). This joins a number of other Arabic loanwords I have encountered in which original non-emphatic consonants became emphatic, such as soap (ṣabun, from Aramaic ṣapon from Greek sapon) and "Caesar" with two emphatics (qayṣar, compare to Hebrew qesar with normal s). Where do these random-looking emphatics come from? Were they pronounced differently in the past, not pharyngealized, so that they were actually the best approximation of the original sound? Or maybe they come to satisfy some rule of Arabic phonotactics? Is there any regularity at all?

There are a number of gaps and inconvenient issues with the phoneme inventory chart on vulgarlang. Would it be possible to address these, or as many as possible, in an upcoming update?

The dental fricatives cannot be retracted and put in the alveolar column, as alveolar non-sibilant fricatives. Icelandic has these, for example.

The unvoiced alveolar lateral fricative can be placed in the dental column, but the voiced alveolar lateral fricative cannot. This seems like an oversight.

The phoneme chart does not display unvoiced palatal and velar lateral affricates of any kind. Can you make it so that affricates like /cʎ̝̊/ and /kʟ̝̊/ are displayed?

Can the pharyngeal column and the epiglottal column be merged into epiglottal-pharyngeal, or the epiglottal column removed altogether? The epiglottal stop is put in a separate column which makes the chart look large and cluttered if you want to have both pharyngeal fricatives, epiglottal stops, and glottal consonants, since these often occur together within the same language. Epiglottal stops cannot be made in the pharyngeal area anyway, so the distinction is not necessary, it's like having separate columns for the glottal stop and glottal fricatives.

Can you make it so that the chart merges labial and labiodental into just labial, dental and alveolar into just denti-alveolar, postalveolar, palatoalveolar, and palatal into just palatal when there are no contrasting phonemes between them? For example, /m p f/ would end up in just labial. This would make the chart more concise and less cluttered.

There are other minor things, but these are more important in general and also relevant for me right now. Thanks in advance, I appreciate that you take the time to answer comments and questions from users. I really like the site and I hope you can continue to make it better!

Hey folks. Sunday, October 3rd, at 19:00 UTC, I'll be hosting a trans voice workshop on the Online Vocal Coach discord server. We'll be covering sound source and sound filter changes we can make to alter perceptual vocal gender:

1. Resonance manipulation - exercises to raise and lower resonance, including larynx height manipulation and pharyngeal narrowing and expansion.
2. Articulation - ways to decrease/increase oral space, and change the spectral envelope of consonant sounds.
3. Glottal behavior - exercises to increase and decrease vocal weight, including vocal onset exercises, gradients, and exercises to increase/decrease vocal fold thickness.
4. Some pitch exercises. :D

The Format

Workshops run as a series of short voice lessons for the workshop group to observe -- everyone joins the voice chat as auditors, and up to ten people can sign up to participate directly. I will work with each of these participants for c. 15-20 minutes -- addressing whatever goals, questions, or challenges they have -- and demonstrating the techniques and exercises which can help them. Everyone is welcome to come observe, and can ask questions in text-chat during the participants' sessions -- which I will then answer between sessions.

To Participate

In order to participate directly in one of the lessons, please sign up by DMing Vox.Nova#7795. When you join the server, you will see a list of members in the sidebar. Right-click on the Vox.Nova account, and click "message":

Message Vox.Nova#7795 to participate!

When you do, simply type "Join Queue - feminization," "Join Queue - masculinization," or "Join Queue - nonbinary goals" and my assistant will add you to the queue to participate. N.B.: you do not have to join the queue to listen in on the workshop! Only DM Vox.Nova if you would like to sign up for a coaching session.

Future Workshops

Workshops are held weekly at the same time. If you can't make it this week, feel free to drop by next time!

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously... (Winning Changes)

By u/Anjeez929 with 2 points:

>I didn't realize you already posted this.
>
>The past auzilliary verbs shorten by one syllable
>
>Theoretical Past: śaha
>
>Mythical past: uha
>
>Very far past: aha
>
>Far past: oha
>
>Near past: śeha

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:

>add more example sentences

By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:

>ajkan /ajkan/ - (v) to be able to (can)
>
>otu /ɔtu/ - (v) to be obligated to (should)
>
>ajamwili /ajamwili/ - (v) to be willing to (would)
>
>ba /ba/ - (part) question marker
>
>Word Changes:
>
>sikśitasi /sikʂitasi/ becomes sićikasi /siʈʂikasi/ through epenthesis
>
>ekśikituwentitu /ekʂikituwentitu/ becomes ećikituwentitu /eʈʂikituwentitu/ through assimilation
>
>Morphophonology:
>
>/i/ becomes [ʅ] near retroflex consonants
>
>/a/ becomes [ɑ] near /ɫ/

(Bonus Words: owejuf /ɔwɛjuf/ - (n) egg [natural phenomena class]; fainali /fainali/ - (adj) final, finally; aweken /awɛkɛn/ - (v) to awaken, to wake up; awejik /awɛjik/ - (adj) awake, conscious, lucid; traji /tɾaji/ - (v) to try to do; kuros /kuɾɔs/ - (v) to cross, to go across, to traverse; borodero /bɔɾɔdɛɾɔ/ - (n) border, boundary [abstract concepts class])

Phonology

We're getting festive now! (Also, I wanted there to be one more suggestion, before I do this, but screw it)

❄️𐁙🎁 𐁙❄️ KᒪOᒍᗷᗩᑎ, ᗩᑎ EᐯOᒪᐯIᑎG ᑕOᑎᒪᗩᑎG: IᑎTᖇOᗪᑌᑕTIOᑎ ❄️𐁙🎁 𐁙❄️

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

🎅 ℘ཞɛ۷ıơųʂƖყ... (ῳıŋŋıŋɠ ƈɧąŋɠɛʂ) 🎅

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:

> add some christmas decorations

By u/Anjeez929 with 2 points:

> Since this is the 21st post, I will add najnplasten /najnplasten/, meaning "to add 2 to an answer and claim it is the correct answer". Because 9+10=21

🎅 Pԋσɳσʅσɠყ 🎅

1 - Represented by <c> only in the word cloń /kloŋ/

2 - Represented by <y> only in the word yaya /jaja/

3 - Represented by <z> only in the word zako /sakɔ/

Vowel length is phonemic and is represented by an acute.

Vowel Harmony:

• Frontness Vowel Harmony: If a prefix with /u/ or /ɔ/ is added to a word with an open vowel, /u/ becomes /i/ and /ɔ/ becomes /ɚ/ (thus triggering rhotic vowel harmony).

Tones:

• Non-Grammatical (Phonemic) Tones: These were the result of a past sound

Hey everyone on r/conlangscirclejerk! Did you miss us? Well, in fact! We never left you!

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously... (Winning Changes)

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:

>add almost 30 ways to say cum in toki pona as official vocabulary

New words: "telo" meaning "fluid", "ko" meaning squishy, "walo" meaning "white", "umpa" meaning "sex", "olin" meaning "love", "kule" meaning "color" is "colorful", "pilin" meaning "feeling", "pona" meaning "good", "pali" meaning "to make", "sike" meaning "round", and "palisa" meaning "stick" or "long and hard". Also, "telowalo" meaning "milk"

By u/Anjeez929 with 1 point:

>The first few lines of the Bee movie script as an example!
>
>New words.
>
>-(n)et marks the passive participle
>
>Tana /tana/ - (prep) according to
>
>Sona /sona/ - (v) to know
>
>lawa /lawa/ - (n) laws
>
>tawaso /tawaso/ - (v) to fly ("Flight" and therefore "aviation" is made by nominalizing it)
>
>Majkel /majkel/ - (n) Bee
>
>Redbul /ɾedbul/ - (n) wings
>
>Tu /tu/ - (adv) too (as in too small)
>
>lili /lili/ - (adj) small
>
>haja /ħaja/ - (v) lift
>
>fat /fat/ - (adj) fat (n) fat
>
>korpa /koɾpa/ - (n) bo

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/Anjeez929 with 2 points:

>The word Yaya /jaja/ means Baby.
>
>If The word Cloń can have an irregular spelling, Why not Yaya?

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:

>New tenses for parallel timelines! (parallel shortened to "par")
>
>par Present—pha(p)-
>
>par scary Present of our reality —thu(t)-
>
>par General Past—khi(t)-
>
>par General future—che(t)-
>
>a time existing outside of the comprehensom of arbitrary scales— a(p)-

By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:

>Word-final plosives are lost, and the vowel preceding it gets a low tone.
>
>Word-final fricatives are lost, and the vowel preceding it gets a high tone.
>
>/ɟ/ becomes /dʑ/.
>
>/ɾʲ/ becomes /ɾij/.
>
>/j/ after another /j/ separated by a vowel becomes /n/. (e.g. /jaja/ -> /jana/) This change happens after the first one, so rjejin /ɾʲɛjin/ becomes rijenin /ɾijɛnin/
>
>/ɫ/ is now represented with <ƚ> because Polish.

^(1) - Represented by <c> only in the word cloń /kloŋ/

^(2) - Represent

I hated editing this. u/Anjeez929 is braver than any Marine

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/spaceman06 with 2 points:

>Each letter has a phoneme that is only used to see the letter itself (or combination of phonemes used by the letter itself).
>
>This avoids something that happens at languages, like C and SEE being spoken at the same way.
>
>You also wont have a consonant 1, where CONSONANT1 and CONSONANT1 followed by VOWEL1 means the same thing. Like B and BE at english.

By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:

>Can't think of anything major so I'll just change some things to make the language easier to pronounce.
>
>Parallel Tenses
>
>Parallel Present—paha(p)-
>
>Parallel Scary Present of our reality —tuhu(t)-
>
>Parallel General Past—kihi(t)-
>
>Parallel General future—cehe(t)-
>
>a time existing outside of the comprehension of arbitrary scales— aha(p)-
>
>/ɾij/ vanishes completely. If two of the same vowel are next to each other, they become one long vowel
>
>/ɧ/ becomes /ɕuf/ with /f/ <f> becoming a new phoneme. Also a new word using /f/, friholes /fɾiħɔlɛs/ - (n) bean (natural concepts class)

First of all, sorry u/NoCocksInTheRestroom; I've been holding off doing this post simply because I was afraid of your suggestion. Emojis in the orthography scare me. But I promised that no holds are barred, and so it goes in. I'll also be adding u/MonkiWasTooked's suggestion because it's cool.

Notice: As nobody wants to upvote this post anymore, I will be moving to r/Klojban. The existing Klojban posts will be crossposted there, and new ones will be posted there only. Hope to see you around.

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 4 points:

> Mood indicated woth tones! (and also prefixes since prefixes are cool) also tones appear yeah
>
>(no prefix) —neutral, no mood
>
>😃—happy ˥
>
>😔—sad ˩
>
>😭—ZAD!˥˩
>
>😱—ZAMN!˩˥
>
>💩—Fell like shit˦˧˨
>
>👣—i am litteraly a foot fetishist˥˩˥
>
>⚰️—im gonna die˨˦˩
>
>☠️—im dead˥˦˧
>
>💀 —i forgor˩˥˨
>
>😁—i rember˥˩˦

By u/RBolton123 with 2 points:

>Missing Words:
>
>gibap /giβap/ - (v) to give
>
>tekawe /tekawe/ - (v) to take
>
>tudu /tudu/ - (v) to do
>
>tugo /tugo/ - (v) to go
>
>woka /woka/ - (v) to walk
>
>ranawe /ɾanawe/ - (v) to run
>
>isuwimi /isuwimi/ - (v) to swim
>
>bajiń /βajiŋ/ - (v) to buy
>
>seliń /seliŋ/ - (v) to sell
>
>buwil /βuwil/ - (v) to build
>
>desturoja /destʉɾɤja/ - (v) to destroy
>
>iskaja /iskaja/ - (n) sky [natu

pain.

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously... (Winning Changes)

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 1 point:

>Verbs can now incorporate pronouns in them. Pronouns are placed right after the intial prefix.
>
>Let the polysynthesis begin

By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:

>New Noun Class: Natural Nonliving Objects: leb(e)-
>
>All coda nasals vanish and the vowel preceding them becomes nasalized. This is not represented in the orthography, however. Existing nasal vowels (the ones around /ŋ/) stay as they are but their tilde is removed because its ugly IMO.
>
>Speaking of tildes, <ñ> is replaced with <ņ>.
>
>The emoji mood system is removed, because frankly nobody is using it :(
>
>A la the past tense, the present and future tenses now use an auxiliary verb tugo. (Unlike haba, it keeps its original sense of "to go", though if you don't want to say tugo lotugo "going to go" you can just use kuros I guess.) This means that the tenses are now:
>
>Theoretical Past: śaha
>
>Mythical past: uha
>
>Very far past: aha
>
>Far past: oha
>
>Near past: śeha
>
>Present: (no prefix)
>
>Scary Present of our reality: tatugo
>
>Near Future: ƚitugo
>
>Far Future: lotugo
>
>Very Far Future: latugo
>
>The "parallel timeline" tenses are obliterated and replaced by a single prefix, paha(p)-, that indicates the subjunctive. I have plans for funny subjunctive rules and for verbs to have funky meanings when subjunctive.
>

EDIT: Removed all traces of /x/ because apparently I actually forgot to remove it

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/EisVisage with 5 points:

>I misread the fish class prefix marker as french. Can we make it
>
>Fish and/or French: qak(a)-

By u/RBolton123 with 2 points:

>Missing Words:
>
>gibap /giβap/ - (v) to give
>
>tekawe /tekawe/ - (v) to take
>
>tudu /tudu/ - (v) to do
>
>tugo /tugo/ - (v) to go
>
>woka /woka/ - (v) to walk
>
>ranawe /ɾanawe/ - (v) to run
>
>isuwimi /isuwimi/ - (v) to swim
>
>bajiń /βajiŋ/ - (v) to buy
>
>seliń /seliŋ/ - (v) to sell
>
>buwil /βuwil/ - (v) to build
>
>desturoja /destʉɾɤja/ - (v) to destroy
>
>iskaja /iskaja/ - (n) sky [natural phenomena class]
>
>rejin /ɾejin/ - (n) rain [natural phenomena class] (v) to rain
>
>kulawud /kʉlawʉd/ - (n) cloud
>
>ciri /tɕiɾi/ - (n) tree
>
>kebana /keβana/ - (n) restaurant
>
>residensi /ɾesidensi/ - (v) to live in a location

By u/Tsjaad_Donderlul with 3 points:

>Stop deleting my palatals mates
>
>therefore add back /c/ /ɟ/ /ɲ/ /ʑ/ /d͡ʑ/ /ʎ/

(You didn't provide a sound change introducing them, so I'm guessing that you wanted to do your old sound changes a second time. I'm now representing /tɕ/ with <ć>) as a result.)

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 3 points:

>New word : cloń /kloŋ/
>
>cloń—a thing that everybody keeps at the outback of their mind

For me the vowels would be /ø/ And the consonants /ɲ/, /c/, /ɟ/, /r/

Thank you for 5 members here at r/Klojban!

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/RBolton123 with 3 points:

>Still mad at u/MonkiWasTooked for changing my beloved /q/ to a disgusting /ħ/ - well, really, it's just the orthography that tooks me. I'll strike back:
>
>/ħ/ is now represented with /h/.
>
>/ħ/ stays the same preceding /a/, /e/, and /o/.
>
>/i/ becomes /ai/, represented with <ai>, after /ħ/.
>
>/ħ/ becomes /x/, represented with /x/, near /u/. (I didn't like this but I saw no other reasonable option)
>
>After these sound changes...
>
>/e/ lowers to /ɛ/.
>
>/o/ lowers to /ɔ/.
>
>Additional Vowel Harmony is dismantled: /ɤ/ merges with /ɚ/ (represented with <or>), while /ʉ/ merges with /i/.
>
>/β/ becomes /v/ (I had this idea for a while, but u/GreyDemon606 was going to be the one to put it into action)
>
>Grammatical Change:
>
>Verbs now have a nominalizing suffix -ńaśa. Like English verbal nouns, they take objects with the genitive (e.g. wokańaśa ńi ańis - the walking of the dog)

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:

>Agreement Verbs agree with adverbs in tense and mood and nouns agree with Adjectives in noum class.
>
>Also switch from roman numerals to arabic or else this will get tricky

(No.)

By u/Anjeez929 with 2 points:

>I really like the asthetic that the phonology has, and OP's suggestion would m

Nobody's proposing anything... but I won't back down. Klojban will go on.

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/Anjeez929 with 3 points:

>A high (phonemic) tone turns the vowel into long, still represented with an acute. /xu˥/ becomes /xuː/

By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:

>The word cekawe, meaning "to take", in its general/near past form (i.e. śecekawe) semantically shifts to mean "to have". The śe- part becomes part of the word.
>
>In turn, the role of "to take" is taken on by a newly coined word, oteka.
>
>Meanwhile, habá, meaning "to have", becomes naught more than an auxiliary verb: it replaces all the past prefixes. Like other modifiers, it goes immediately after the verb.
>
>Lastly, the "general past" is dropped, as it is indistinguishable from the near past.
>
>Thus, the new auxiliary verbs indicating the past are:
>
>Theoretical Past: śahabá
>
>Mythical past: uhabá
>
>Very far past: ahabá
>
>Far past: ohabá
>
>Near past: śehabá
>
>The sentence "I left the bed.", formerly translated as "Hobòxú xitatabe śebìxiƚakći.", would now be "Hobòxú xitatabe xiƚakći śehabá."

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of r/EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.

Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

• The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
• The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
• The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
• If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
• Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Previously, on Lucifer... (Winning Changes)

By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:

>New Word— zakon /sa'kon/ or /za'kon/ Zakon—a strict but unnececary rule added for the sake of adding.

By u/Anjeez929 with 2 points:

>Derhoticize ɚ into simple ə, written <ə>.

By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:

>New phoneme: /ɧ/, represented with <ɧ>. As this glyph doesn't have a capital form, it cannot occur at the beginning of a sentence; an epenthetic /a/ is added before it in such a case.The Natural Phenomena Class now encompasses body parts. The Divine/Magical Concepts, Beings, etc. Class is renamed to just the Divine/Magical Class.Learned Borrowings from r/EvolvingConlang:- ati /ati/ - (adj) ideal, favorable, desirable, expedient- atinawuni /atinawuni/ - (v) to combine, to conform, to assimilate- aśpamebi /aɕpamebi/ - (v) to breathe, to speak nasally- Cognate with bàberiji- babotoni /babotoni/ - (v) to write, to record, to click- batak /batak/ - (n) bed, mattress- ekśikituwentitu /ekɕikituwentitu/ - (n) deity, god [divine/magical class]- hukabi /ħukabi/ - (v) to remove, to eject, to fire/sack- ɧa /ɧa/ - (adj) this; (pron) this- ɧi /ɧi/ - (n) arm [natural phenomena/body parts class]- ɧipitu /ɧipitu/ - (v) to catch, to capture- ɧubsuna /ɧubsuna/ - (adj) sensible, practical- impasi /impasi/ - (n) impostor, impersonator, double agent [bad people class]- Cognate with hebáśi- jahota /jaħota/ - (adj) blue; (n) blue [abstract concepts class]- janwiju /janwiju/ - (v) to jump, to play a video game,

Hey folks. Sunday, October 31st, at 19:00 UTC, I'll be hosting a trans voice workshop on the Online Vocal Coach discord server. We'll be covering sound source and sound filter changes we can make to alter perceptual vocal gender:

1. Resonance manipulation - exercises to raise and lower resonance, including larynx height manipulation and pharyngeal narrowing and expansion.
2. Articulation - ways to decrease/increase oral space, and change the spectral envelope of consonant sounds.
3. Glottal behavior - exercises to increase and decrease vocal weight, including vocal onset exercises, gradients, and exercises to increase/decrease vocal fold thickness.
4. Some pitch exercises. :D

The Format

Workshops run as a series of short voice lessons for the workshop group to observe -- everyone joins the voice chat as auditors, and up to ten people can sign up to participate directly. I will work with each of these participants for c. 15-20 minutes -- addressing whatever goals, questions, or challenges they have -- and demonstrating the techniques and exercises which can help them. Everyone is welcome to come observe, and can ask questions in text-chat during the participants' sessions -- which I will then answer between sessions.

To Participate

In order to participate directly in one of the lessons, please sign up by DMing Vox.Nova#7795. When you join the server, you will see a list of members in the sidebar. Right-click on the Vox.Nova account, and click "message":

Message Vox.Nova#7795 to participate!

When you do, simply type "Join Queue - feminization," "Join Queue - masculinization," or "Join Queue - nonbinary goals" and my assistant will add you to the queue to participate. Note: you do not have to join the queue to listen in on the workshop! Only DM Vox.Nova if you would like to sign up for a coaching session.

Future Workshops

Workshops are held weekly at the same time. If you can't make it this week, feel free to drop by next time!