The Sardinian archaeological record reflects a highly gradual introduction of Roman hegemonic symbols into islander culture. These architectural and domestic reinventions came in partial bounds, perhaps motivating discomfort in early literature, before time-weathered endearment to relative similarity emerged later. Stark material transitions in long-term signs of occupancy diminish the saliency of any truly determinant Sardinian culture. For example, a cluster of rural farms excavated around Olbia shows a brief but intense post-occupation persistence. The homes were built on a wide-scale around the 220s BCE, sometime after Roman annexation. Their distinctly Punic architectural and industrial layouts would endure until the mid-1st century BCE, by which point all of the structures were abandoned. Imported ceramic remains at 2nd century BCE households across the island were of vastly North African origin. The pattern suggests Punic-Nuragic localities conspicuously and expensively opted out from the norm of buying Italian. The fear of alienation is raised by mass inward relocation. The occupants were willing to become isolated and irrelevant out of a likely coordinated protest of Roman assimilation.

This pattern indicates a kind of resentful stalemate, a precarious refusal of mutual recognition. The Punic town square of Nora endured until the late 1st century BCE, at which point it was concertedly razed to the ground and replaced with a typologically Roman forum. It is interesting that the urban core of a highly visible coastal settlement was not architecturally Romanized at such an advanced date. The presence of the forum - all-encompassing, civically central, and perpetually standardized off the Eternal City’s original - conferred Romanness. The lingering trauma of the Punic Wars likely motivated neglect, as Rome cringed at enduring Carthaginian political structures. Inscriptional evidence indicates that Punic-style magistrates, sufetes, continued to govern, with most major Sardinian cities relinquishing this system only in the mid-1st century BCE. One sufet held out as late as the mid-second century CE. This initial disinterest in adaptation suggests a hands-off, rebellion-suppressing non-administration of the island. Long before Augustan bureaucratic infrastructure and economic development provided a framework for cooperation, cultural illiteracy translated into political insignificance.

---

Sardinia is rendered a “colony within a colony” through b

whew… sorry this took longer than hoped but the rest will probably be in erratic intervals due to…. stuff. anyway, here is everyone’s favorite grey ghost, lucky e, the one and only cover girl for azur lane: enterprise’s romanized voice lines (every single one of em). i apologize for any mistakes as i am past my expiration time. now that’s out of the way time to go to bed~

self introduction: I am the Yorktown class aircraft carrier, Enterprise. "Grey Ghost" is one of the many nicknames I have. My smoke-covered and bloodstained battle record is a reminder of my mission. I will continue to be victorious until the war ends. romaji: Watashi wa yōkutaun-gata kōkū bokan no entāpuraizu. Gureigōsuto wa watashi ga motsu kazuōku no imyō no naka no hitotsuda. Kono shōen to senketsu no senreki koso waga shimei no akashi. Korekara mo tatakai no hate made kachi tsudzukete miseru

receive: Second ship of the Yorktown class, Enterprise, reporting for duty. I will neither sympathize nor hold back with my enemies, and instead, I go all out. Such is my way. romaji: Yōkutaun-gata ni-ban-kan entāpuraizu, chakunin shita. Teki ni wa dōjō mo tekagen mo sezu, itsu demo zenryoku de mukaeutsu tsumorida. Kore koso watashi no ryūgida

Login: You've come. If it's fighting, I'm ready for it any time. romaji: Kitaka. Sentō junbinara, itsu demode kite iru zo

View details: Want to look at my medal collection? romaji: Watashi no kunshō korekushon mo mite miru ka?

Main screen 1: Is it you, Commander? ...Recently, I'm thinking about whether or not I can engage in anti-submarine actions... romaji: Shiki-kan ka?…… Saikin, jibun ga taisensen mo dekiru n janai ka to omoi hajimetaga

Main screen 2: Luck is also a part of strength? Then if possible, I'd like to impart some of it to my older sister.. romaji: Un mo jitsuryoku no uchi? Dekireba sukoshi ane ni mo wakete agetai monoda na

Main screen 3: So long as we live, there are things that will never go our way. When we die, it must happen in a way that carries no regrets. romaji: Ikite iru kagiri, omoidōri ni naranai koto wa ikurademo aru. Shi ni yukunara kui o nokosanai yō ni shitai monoda

Normal touch: What is it? Sortie time? romaji: Nanda, shutsugeki ka?

Special Touch: What the...?! romaji: Na……!!

Mission reminder: Commander, your missions are not yet completed. Hurry up and set off! romaji: Shiki-kan yo. Misshon ga mada owatte inai zo. Hayaku shuppatsu suru noda

Mission complete: Commander, the rewards are here. romaji: Shiki-kan,

View Poll

Hi all K-food lovers on Reddit!

My name is Kang Jae-eun, and I am a biz reporter at an English-language publication in Korea, called The Korea Herald.

I was wondering if anyone had trouble reading the romanised version of Korean food products at your local supermarket of K-mart. I noticed that a lot of Korean food companies use differently spelled versions of the same food (i.e. tteokbokki is spelled 'tteok-bokki' or 'topokki' or 'toppokki') and was wondering any consumers abroad had issues with it too.

Or.... if you have any general opinions on the romanised spelling of Korean food names.. for example, like if you think they are too complicated or they fail to accurately represent the real pronunciation... feel free to write comments or email me at kang.jaeeun@heraldcorp.com !

More so for <oo>. I guess my mind goes back to words like <moo>, <boo>, <boob>, or “cutesy” spellings of words like <dood> or <hooman>.

So when I read an English-orthography-based Romanization of a name like “Yoo” or “Haroon” or “Rasheed”, it feels silly.

Don’t get me wrong, other Romanizations like French-based ones are kinda cringe too, why <Djouraoui> when it could just be <Jurawi>?” Then again, English <Joorawee> isn’t any better.

I've noticed that the way you romanize your conlang can affect the vibe it has. It might just be me, but aligning the romanization with similar writing systems and their history might make me look differently at that culture. Of course the syllable structure and stuff like that affect it as well, but I'm not going to get into it.

So I'm going to show a sentence and the phonetic inventory of a language I generated in Vulgar (with custom phonemes) and romanize it similarly to different Latin alphabets to show you what I mean (just without the how I view it part.) You will be able to guess the alphabets pretty easily (probably.)

  kɨ    pa    ɡɨf      havuzer      siʃ       gɨpuli         esuk     hibeʒ    jɨ                is     tiʃom        nunuz        kaduf
1PL.NOM DEF hungry chicken.ACC.PL 2PL.GEN grandma.DAT.SG send.1PL.PST since 3PL.NOM 3SG.GEN.F wooden ornament.ACC.SG rip.3PL.PST
"I sent the hungry chickens to your grandma since they ripped her wooden ornament." m n b p d t g k v f z s ʒ ʃ h r l j
a e o i ɨ u

1. ky pa gyf havuzer siš gypuli esuk hibež jy is tišom nunuz kaduf

m n b p d t g k v f z s ž š h r l j

a e o i y u

2. kı pa gıf havuzer siş gıpuli esuk hibej yı is tişom nunuz kaduf

m n b p d t g k v f z s j ş h r l y

a e o i ı u

3. ky pa gyf hawuzer sisz gypuli esuk hibeż jy is tiszom nunuz kaduf

m n b p d t g k w f z s ż sz h r l j

a e o i y u

4. que pa guef havouzer siche guepouli esuque hibege ye ise tichome nounuze cadouf

m n b p d t g c/qu v f z s j/g- ch h r l y

a e o i e u

5. cî pa gâf havuzer siș gâpuli esuc hibej yî is tișom nunuz caduf

m n b p d t g c v f z s j ș h r l y

a e o i î/â u

6. ki pa gif havuzer szis gipuli esuk hibezs ji isz tisom nunuz kaduf

m n b p d t g k v f z sz zs s h r l j

a e o i i u

7. kuh pah guf havoozehr seesh guhpoolie esook heebeige yuh iss teeshome noonooz kadoof

m n b p d t g k v f z s <x> sh h r l y

a e o ee uh oo

Summary

As seen, they seem quite different, and they all radiate different energy.

1. Common Slavic alphabet
2. Common Turkic alphabet
3. Polish alphabet
4. French alphabet
5. Romanian alphabet
6. Hungarian alphabet
7. English alphabet...

It might be too much to write but you do really need too think about your romanization! (or just Latin alphabet.)

Hi. This question is a little personal but hopefully that's okay.

Not long ago I took Zen precepts and received a Dharma name: 誠道. The standard romanization of this is "Seidō" (note that this uses the Sino-Japanese pronunciation rather than the modern Japanese), but the trouble is I can't always write the romanization of this name due to some systems not letting me enter "o" with a bar over it.

I tried doing some searches on this and it seems like there's a standard for this, but I can't quite figure it out. My best guess is that "Seidou" would be correct, but maybe "Seidoh" or "Seidoo", I really can't be sure.

Can some kind soul help me figure out what the standard romanization without diacritics for my Dharma name is?

I couldn't find anything in the search regarding this topic. Only a couple that talked about the Han and Roman in relationship to each other but I'm more curious about how big and powerful the Han Dynasty really was in terms of external power. Or was much of it's praise in terms of internal function and stability.

installment namba wan! this took longer than i had expected even with just 2 skins.. i hope all of you biscuit enthusiasts learn something about how her voice lines are pronounced. on top of more suggestions i will take in the comments, i’ve already got a small priorities list that i will work on over the next few days. i am also very open to constructive criticism on my formatting, please don’t feel shy.(i’m on mobile)

Self introduction: I am the Iron Blood battleship entrusted with the name Bismarck. Allow me to prove that Iron Blood engineering is the finest in the world, no matter the battlefield. Eager to see for yourself? romaji: Bisumaruku no na o azukaru tekketsu senkan ga kono watashi yo. Tekketsu-shiki no bōgyo to sōkō sekkei de, don'na senjō demo saikō no jitsuryoku o hakki shite miseru. Kitai shite mo ī wa yo?

Receive: Guten Tag, I am Bismarck. I have fought many foes on many fronts. You may call upon me whenever there is a problem. romaji: Guten Tag, watashi wa Bisumaruku. Teki to no sentō keiken'nara kekkō aru wa. Mondai areba watashi ni kiite kure

Log in: I look forward to working with you. romaji: Anata ni wa kitai shite iru wa yo

View Details: Is there something on my face? romaji: Watashinokao ni nanika tsuite iru no ka?

Main screen 1: Is there a problem? Perhaps my combat experience could prove useful? romaji: Komatteru? Watashi no sentō keiken de yakunitateru ka?

Main screen 2: "Operation Rheinübung?" I don't have fond memories of it... romaji: `Rain enshū' ka? Amari ī omoidede wa nai yō ne…

Main screen 3: Such a slovenly expression, Commander. Now! Lift your chin, puff out your chest, and let me see those eyes! Hut! romaji: Shiki-kan mada kedarui kao shite… sā, atama o agete, mune wa shanto,-me wa hakkiri! Yoshi!

Normal touch: Keep your hands to yourself. romaji: Hito o kiyasuku sawaranaide

Special touch: I... am not good at expressing myself. Please do not tease me on purpose... romaji: Watashi, kanjō hyōgen ga nigatena dake. Amari karakawanaide……

Mission reminder: Those who cannot finish their missions have no right to stand on the battleground. romaji: Ninmu mo konasenai ningen ni senjō ni deru shikaku wa nai wa.

Mission complete: I'm leaving the mission rewards over here... romaji: Hōshū wa koko ni oita wa yo……

Mail reminder: Be diligent about checking your mail. romaji: Atarashī mēru wa hayame ni kakunin shite

Return to port: You've done well. You've earned your rest. romaji: Otsukaresama, sukoshi yukkuri shite ī wa

I'm getting the following error message, which looks to be due to using some spelling changes that use ! for clicks, which of course is also used for "not". Exclamation points are pretty typical Romanization for clicks, so it would be good to correct this. (FWIW, Vulgarlang didn't used to throw this error.)

Warnings

• Sound change rule ǀ → !t is invalid: no underscore after forward slash
• Sound change rule ǁ → !l is invalid: no underscore after forward slash
• Sound change rule ǂ → !c is invalid: no underscore after forward slash

https://imgur.com/a/wkuEnlu

The original text was Shuka Saitō.

Strangely, not all songs with this ō character have this issue. Have been trying to look for a problem for a while but to no success

Hello everyone. I've been working on this (still unnamed) conlang and its descendants on and off for the past year or so, with the intention of making them as naturalistic as possible. I decided now was as good a time as any to take a break from working on syntax and reflect on/share a bit of what I've actually built so far, and also maybe to get some feedback. So, I figured I'd start by sharing the ur-language's phonology as it stands currently, as well as related aspects like phonotactics and the romanization system. Anyway, here you go, and feel free to comment/criticize/whatever if anything jumps out to you. Thanks!

Phonology

So I based the phonology (at least the consonants) somewhat on the Athabaskan family and Quechua. I knew I wanted to develop tone later on down the line, so a lot of my choices were informed by that. The vowel system takes some cues from (Vietnamese is a good example, but there are others which are probably a bit closer to what we have here).

Consonants

Some notes here:

1. All non-nasals and non-glides are devoiced word finally. Word final /l/ is realized as [ɬ]. Some dialects also devoice the glides, which are usually realized as voiceless fricatives in this environment.

2. All consonants geminate after stressed "light" vowels (more on what that is later) which do not have a phonemic coda consonant. Geminated ejective and aspirated stops are realized as a voiceless-ejective or voiceless-aspirate stop sequence. /ɾ:/ is realized as [r].

3. All aspirated stops are realized as pre-aspirates post-vocalically, unless they are geminated by the previous rule.

4. Voiceless stops are voiced between voiced phonemes including vowels, unless geminated by rule (2).

Also, I know affricates aren't technically stops, but they behave as stops here and in many natural languages so I put them in the same rows as the stops, whatever.

Vowels

Ok, monophthongs:

and diphthongs:

Not all that much to say here

Is it required for me to use a romanization system??

Sounds have a bunch of different letters I don't feel like memorizing (mostly because I'm lazy and I don't know the codes for them on my computer)

So far when I feel like translating into the Latin alphabet I use:

------------------------------------------------------------

a (and)

ah (zach)

ae (jae)

eh (rest)

ie (die)

ii (leave)

ih (izuku)

oh (no)

uh (run)

uu (moon)

v (vegetable)

b (bear)

f (foot)

p (paint)

t (top)

kh (cop) (idk why "kh" is spelled kh but that's what I had originally like a year ago when I made it so I kept it)

h (hurt)

j (jail)

g (gate)

l (left)

m (man)

n (tan)

th (that)

ch (chat)

sh (shut)

z (zebra)

s (stop)

d (death)

r (rolled r) (rain)

rr (non-rolled r)

y (yay)

w (wait)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

I know it might seem kinda "noob-ish" but it appears to work well for me (simple and easy for me to remember) , could I continue to do this?

Also, does anyone else do this or something like this??

From a blog run by Jesuit controlled Georgetown University in Washington DC, it has been admitted that Zhou Enlai who is the founder of the Jesuit controlled Chinese Intelligence Apparatus permitted the Roman Catholic Church to openly operate in China:

>Zhou Enlai was active in early negotiations with Chinese Christians. In 1950 he told a group of Christians that the Communist government was going to allow Christians to teach and try to convert people due to the belief that the falsehood of Christian teachings would eventually cause them to fail.

https://www.georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org/online-edition/2017/8/17/the-underground-catholic-church-in-china

In our email correspondence, my landlord (California, USA) recently changed the spelling of her surname from Liu to Liao. At first I thought she might have gotten married, but I gather this instead reflects a change from Cantonese to Mandarin romanization. Does this change have any additional significance among Chinese people? Or is there historical context to this type of change, e.g. correcting erroneous Angel island transliterations? Thank you.

My friend made up a name for an Inuktitut fictional character and I'd like to know the romanization.

The name is ᖣᖖᖭᓴᓐᐳ ᕐᑮᕝᖠ

Thanks in advance!!

The Cantonese professor at my community college says she can't issue a certificate in Cantonese because they need one more intermediate/advanced class so if there is a textbook that teaches Standard Chinese with Cantonese, I think that would fulfill that requirement.

Edit: Now if you want you can also try to deduce what my native languages are (I got 2) ;)

As the title says. Why do city/state names in Manchuria use Wade-Giles, while those in China use Pinyin?

Like the capital city of Manchuria

Wade-Giles: Hsinking

Pinyin: Xinjing

Japanese: Shinkyo

While it doesn't really matter, it sorta just confuses me.

The Sardinian archaeological record reflects a highly gradual introduction of Roman hegemonic symbols into islander culture. These architectural and domestic reinventions came in partial bounds, perhaps motivating discomfort in early literature, before time-weathered endearment to relative similarity emerged later. Stark material transitions in long-term signs of occupancy diminish the saliency of any truly unknowable, uncompromising Sardinian culture. For example, a cluster of rural farms excavated around Olbia shows a brief but intense post-occupation persistence. The homes were built on a wide-scale around the 220s BCE, sometime after Roman annexation. Their distinctly Punic architectural and industrial layouts would endure until the mid-1st century BCE, by which point all of the structures were abandoned. Imported ceramic remains at 2nd century BCE households across the island were of vastly North African origin. The pattern suggests Punic-Nuragic localities conspicuously and expensively opted out from the norm of buying Italian. The fear of alienation is raised by mass inward relocation. The occupants were willing to become isolated and irrelevant out of a likely coordinated protest of Roman assimilation.

This pattern indicates a kind of resentful stalemate, a precarious refusal of mutual recognition. The Punic town square of Nora endured until the late 1st century BCE, at which point it was concertedly razed to the ground and replaced with a typologically Roman forum. It is interesting that the urban core of a highly visible coastal settlement was not architecturally Romanized at such an advanced date. The presence of the forum - all-encompassing, civically central, and perpetually standardized off the Eternal City’s original - conferred Romanness. The lingering trauma of the Punic Wars likely motivated neglect, as Rome cringed at enduring Carthaginian political structures. Inscriptional evidence indicates that Punic-style magistrates, sufetes, continued to govern, with most major Sardinian cities relinquishing this system only in the mid-1st century BCE. One sufet held out as late as the mid-second century CE. This initial disinterest in adaptation suggests a hands-off, rebellion-suppressing non-administration of the island. Long before Augustan bureaucratic infrastructure and economic development provided a framework for cooperation, cultural illiteracy translated into political insignificance.

---

Sardinia is rendered a “colony within a co