So I know just enough electrochemistry to have forgotten most of the one grad class I took on it but Im looking for a good resource to put together a comprehensive table of standard electrochemical potentials. All I can find online are small ones that have only a few reactions. My hypothetical solution isn't aqueous but aqueous data would be good enough for now. Would the best solution be to find Gibbs energy of formation data for every reaction I'm interested in and use the Nernst equation to translate it? Tbh I'm not sure a great resource to find all of that data either since for example tungsten fluoride is not favorable so it rarely actually exists but I'd still like to place it on a chart relative to everything else...ideally I'd like to get most of the periodic table but I'm mostly interested in any metal that could be used in stainless steel or nickel superalloys.

Hi, I asked this in r/askscience as well! My having a bit of trouble understanding action potentials in my studying, I'm wondering if anyone can shed some light:

I've looked all over for an answer to this question, but can't seem to find an answer online that clarifies things for me. When describing the action potential, and the electrochemical gradient that forms it, I often see an ion as described as flowing down its respective concentration gradient. For example, during depolarization, sodium flows into the cell, from an area of high concentration to low concentration (of sodium). During depolarization, the same occurs, with potassium flowing out of the cell. All through selective ion channels of course.

My first issue is, how are these individual gradient physically justifiable? Isn't diffusion determined by the overall concentration of ions (since they are bouncing off each other and creating a "pressure" that is lower in an area of lower concentration)? Wouldn't the overall osmolarity be the only relevant factor?

My second issue come from what's probably a bad assumption. I did a bit of searching and found that the extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity then the intracellular fluid in a neuron. That combined with the difference in charge of -70mV sort of explains the depolarization step and its eventual charge of +30mV. As part of the energy is derived from the difference is concentration, and the rest a difference in charge, I can see why depolarization would be spontaneous. It also explains to me why it "overshoots" and another +30mV of charge are produced across the membrane, as additional energy from the resolution of the concentration difference is "stored" as a positive electrical potential. My next issue is, if depolarization is spontaneous (based off of the assumption I made above), how does hyperpolarization occur to restore the membrane potential to an EVEN HIGHER negative voltage. How could this be spontaneous? With the lower osmolarity inside the cell, this makes little to no sense to me. I thought the energy might have come from the ATPase pumps in the cell membrane, but I've read that hyperpolarization is so fast, these cannot explain the restoration of the electrochemical gradient.

Could anyone tell me where my erroneous thinking is? Anyone have a good breakdown of how the action potential occurs? Any help is appreciated!

I'm trying to better understand the fundamentals of electrochemistry and learnt that potential of an electrode is a measure of energy of electrons. Electrons flow from low potential to high potential, while current flows from high potential to low potential.

1. Does this mean that higher the potential, lower is the number/energy of electrons in the electrode?

2. Is it desirable to have a battery with high or low potential? What does it mean to have high potential in a battery?

Thanks in advance.

When studying derivation of galvani potential difference from interphase equilibria it was written for example that electrochemical potential of zinc is equal to sum of electrochemical potentials of Zn2+ ions and 2*electrochemical potential of electron in zinc or that electrochemical potential of CuSO4 in a solution is a sum of electrochemical potentials of Cu2+ ions and SO42- ions. This wasn't justified, so my question is what makes electrochemical potentials additive?

To avoid any confusion, when I say electrochemical potential I mean sum of chemical potential and electric potential energy of some species, not electrode potential since sometimes these two are used interchangeably.

Dear comrades, chemists and especially electrochemists,

has anybody of you ideas for (preferably intercalation-based) cathode materials that usually exceed/surpass the oxidative stability of common Li-ion battery electrolytes (such as 1M LiPF6 in DEC:EC) and are therefore (normally) not suitable for a conventional Graphite||Intercalation cathode setup? Anything past LMO and LCO?

My cell representation : Cu(aq)^2+ | Cu(s)^0 || Fe(s)^0 | Fe(aq)^3+ My experimental value of the potential : 0.458V My theoretical value of the potential : 0.374V

I would like to know what errors could have lead to this measurement.

It can't be related to the calibration of the voltmeter since the others values I have have for other cells are normal.

"Calculate E° for the following cell:

Zn(s) | Zn^2+ (aq) | Cl-(aq) | AgCl(s) | Ag(s)"

From the table in my book I got:

Zn(s) + 2e^- -->Zn^2+ (aq) || E°=-0.76

AgCl(s) + e^- -->Ag(s) + Cl^- (aq) || E°=0.22

Ag^+ + e^- --> Ag(s) || E°=0.80

The compound nature (at least, I think so) of the cathode in the problem is throwing me and I can't get any of the multiple choice answers.

For a lab report, I am plotting anode/cathode potential vs scan rate, and am supposed to explain what the plots say about reaction reversibility. The lines have high R^2 values, so I suspect that the 2 factors must be proportional, but I cannot find anything on what it says about reversibility. Any clues?

Given these standard reduction potentials at 25C:

1. Cr^3+ + e^- -> Cr^2+ E1^o = -0.407 V

2. Cr^2+ + 2e^- -> Cr(s) E2^o = -0.913 V

Determine the standard reduction potential at 25 C for the half-reaction equation:

Cr^3+ + 3e^- -> Cr(s)

I understand that you can convert E1^o into delta G^o, E2^o into delta G^o, then add them to get a third delta G^o which you convert back into E^o to get a standard cell potential of -0.744 V (which is the correct answer). But why can't you just add the equations?

I have seen this in more than a few sources online. Higher numbers have been given as well. Asked because considering how many cells are in each human body, this would mean that we each carry an astonishingly high amount of electricity which we don't seem to be using.

What is the real average voltage of a human cell, if it isn't 0.07 volts?

The Weapon had worked well. Too well. By the third day, Isva knew the world would never be the same again.

As she walked through the great halls to the chamber of the High Council who awaited her report, Isva could still hardly believe what had happened. According to accepted arcano-genetic theory, an incident such as this was impossible. The results were supposed to be predictable, no creation was ever surpassing the sum of its parts by such a ridiculous margin. But the results displayed by the Weapon were undeniable. In their long war with the Yuboki orcs, no other project developed by the elven sorceress had shown such incredible prowess.

Isva reached the council chamber. The doors were titanic slabs of oak, carved intricately and inlaid with gold leaf. She spoke a word of Opening and the doors swung back gently, welcoming her to the High Council of the Elven Lords.

"Welcome, High Sorceress, Isva ri Karilliun. We are eager for your report. How fares your new weapon, this new series…?"

The ever-so-slightly mocking voice was Rosktorsil's, a lord Isva knew well. The elf was always seeking to undermine her efforts, to put the accomplishments of his personal sorcerers above hers.

"The Karilliun Series 224," Isva clarified, naming the Weapon. "I assure you, my Lords, you shall not be disappointed. Karilliun-S224 has performed beyond my wildest expectations."

"Your proof?"

"On the first day, Karilliun-S224 routed the Yuboki at Duromjrr Castle. Casualties were suffered at a ratio of five orcs to every instance of Karilliun-S224."

There was a murmur around the chamber. Elven lords who had previously appeared uninterested leaned forwards in their seats. An elder lord Isva didn't know raised a hand to speak.

"That is a remarkable achievement. Duromjrr has long remained an impenetrable bastion of the Yuboki. Is there a particular design feature of the S224 to thank?"

"I believe it to be the increased density of the modified fast twitch muscle fibers I developed, which allow higher capability of electrochemical transmission-"

"Sorceress, please, in a language we can understand…"

"Ah," Isva faltered, then continued: "They can briefly generate short bursts of strength that overcome the Yuboki's potential ceiling, my Lord."

More murmurs were heard.

"Truly remarkable. Is there anything else?"

"On the second day, the Karilliun-S224 army took a short cut through the Ugozi Waste and proceded to engage the Yuboki army on the other side, taking the

Howdy,

This is going to be a look into AEC, a comparison of AEC vs incumbent technologies, a look into other emerging remediation options, breaking down the status of both state level and federal level PFAS remediation, a look at existing PFAS remediation projects to try to give some context to the advantages that AEC provides as well as the potential size of project that AEC/PFAS remediation brings to BioLargo. Follow the embedded links for more context.

AEC - The PFAS Collector

https://preview.redd.it/pvz13nfbt5e81.png?width=531&format=png&auto=webp&s=7736e27cd51b04317a41ba80a9cccb6ccc8ac5f3

AEC is a collection device that relies on electrical current and a specialized membrane. Water is run across the membrane and specific PFAS compounds are drawn to the membrane. Dennis (CEO) has in the past compared it to fly-paper for PFAS, though notes that the scientists in the room would hate that description. AEC removes 99.995% of PFAS compounds from water (testing validated by University of Tennessee).

AEC was developed with help from an EPA SBIR-Phase I Grant: EPA Final Report

AEC was included in a short list of emerging technologies in the EPA's Multi-Industry PFAS Study - 2021 Preliminary Report. While this isn't an endorsement by the EPA, I'm very pleased to see AEC highlighted in official publications.

Page 69

AEC has a modular design, and the company speaks confidently about the scaling capabilities of AEC. It can be integrated with existing water treatment with a very small footprint (roughly 10% when BioLargo's estimate is compared to a real project listed below) as well as integrated into mobile container units.

>Randal Moore 9/10/2021: "We are to the point where we reached several pretty important milestones. We now know that we can scale our technology to essentially to any scale we need. We have also discovered that we can combine our

The atmosphere is packed with hydrogen ions, as has been suggested by Gerald Pollack in his 2013 book. This fact has not been widely known, it makes sense if one studies Pollacks 2009 experiment that proves the actual mechanism behind osmosis. This means that the atmosphere has the conditions to act as both poles of a battery, it can store electrons, in water where the oxygen stores 2 extra electrons, and it can release electrons, in O2. This chemical balance is the basis of many mechanisms in biology that have yet to be understood (I have documented many. )

The top capacities in Wyrdenclyffe that were assumed to act by capacitance, storing electricity, actually act by providing the surface area for electrochemical reactions that "store" the electricity in the same way a battery does. They are not capacitor plates, they are electrochemical cells.

This means that they have a much greater "storage" potential than assumed, since they are not what store the charges, the atmosphere itself is.

The chemical reactions are simple 4 H+ + 4 e- + O2 <=> 2 H2O, reversible. It can accept alternating current easily. It also accepts direct current, as you see here, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rVdEhyMR6A.

Hey everyone, I am trying to think of a good analogy to describe eis to non e-chemists.

So far I am considering for solid-electrolytes: EIS is like an obstacle course and li-ions in different environments take different amounts of energy to go through the obstacle course.

Does this make sense? ^

Anyone else have other good analogies for this?

THanks !

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

Hey everyone,

This is my first post on this subreddit. I've made a post in the past over in the Facebook groups back in May. In case you might recognise me.

But anyway, I managed to get 100 on Section III of the GAMSAT. Twice.

Proof: https://imgur.com/a/InijVVn

Here’s how I did it.

This guide has three sections

• Background About Me: proof that I am human
• Common Questions: answering the five most common questions I get
• Studying Practice Tips: ten tips to maximise your potential

DISCLAIMER: Any studying approach is a good approach. The best approach is what works for you. This is simply what worked for me.

Background About Me

Science Background: I have a Bachelor of Science from USYD. I majored in cell biology, which was my strong suit. My chemistry knowledge was limited to 1st year, and my physics knowledge was non-existent.

Now, to detail some of my colossal failures throughout my road to medicine.

In 2018, I just started my 3rd and final year of university. I kept delaying GAMSAT study and chose to sit in September, not March, thinking I would still be eligible to apply for Medicine in 2019… lesson learnt. Read the manual.

In 2019, I sat the GAMSAT for the first time. I scored well, with an overall of 75. For some reason, I had it in my head that applications open about July or so. It was not until early June I checked the date for applications… lesson learnt. Use a calendar and get organised.

In 2020, I received an interview offer from my top preference, Queensland University. Unfortunately, it was around the same time I had discovered online dating. I left my interview preparation too late. I performed so poorly that not a single university wanted me… lesson learnt. Get my priorities straight.

After failing the interview, I was ready to quit. I had it in my head that Medicine was not cut out for a socially awkward nutcase like me. But then I had an epiphany… I could always be a radiologist!

In 2021, I was forced to sit the GAMSAT again. I scored 100 in Section III and USYD didn’t need an interview.

Since then, I had begun tutoring full time (which I’ve now stopped). That was my motivation to sit the GAMSAT again in September; to help me remember exactly what it was like. Fortunately, I scored 100 again, and here we are.

Common Questions

"Which resource should I use?"

It is not about the resource you use, but how you use it.

In saying that, I highly recommend

FIRST | NEXT

---

Parindesh entered the vast semicircular chamber at the head of his delegation. This time, the Witness was standing on the Witnessing Chamber dais, an impossibly large bipedal tower. He waved a foreclaw to indicate the position his delegation would stand during the ceremony and scuttled over to it. His assistants clicking gait behind him told him that they had formed up in the disciplined way of his Nekvarash people. The other species delegations came in behind him, Hfez, Mnarodo, even a small delegation of Awsevaj quivered and trembled their way as a tight pile of furry blobs to a corner close to an emergency exit.

Parindesh imagined what it must seem like to the patiently waiting Witness. Not so patient -- indeed, the whole assembly must have gathered itself in mere moments from the behemoth's perspective, like a sea of little creatures suddenly washing up under the Witness' feet. The Witness stood like a statue, draped in huge meshes of intricately woven multicoloured ropes, with expanses of dark leathery exposed skin, particularly on its face. From its head, it grew its own natural ropes, black-and-silver threads that was itself intricately woven together in complex patterns and draped down to its upper arm-joints. Fur, Parindesh supposed, but with very thick rod-like strands.

In the process of brokering the agreement between the Hfez and Mnarodo, Parindesh had taken his time to read up on the Witnesses and considered himself relatively free of the sense of fearful mystique that surrounded the Witnesses. In reality, they were a species like any other, and only a small fraction of their population engaged in the profession that gave them the name that "normal-sized" species called them. Most Witnesses --- Parindesh's species had a vocal tract similar to theirs in structure, and he had even managed to learn to pronounce their primary name for themselves, "humans" --- engaged in commerce, engineering, agriculture, and all the other professions that kept a civilization going. It was just that their uniquely vast size and timescale that made them particularly useful for certain functions in the galactic economy and politics.

Not that Parindesh was not impressed by a biology that could support sapience in such large beings. He knew from his reading about this Witness that it -- *s

The nurse asked the rabbit, “what is your blood type?”

“I am probably a type O” said the rabbit.

The doctor says it terminal.

Alot of great jokes get posted here! However just because you have a joke, doesn't mean it's a dad joke.

THIS IS NOT ABOUT NSFW, THIS IS ABOUT LONG JOKES, BLONDE JOKES, SEXUAL JOKES, KNOCK KNOCK JOKES, POLITICAL JOKES, ETC BEING POSTED IN A DAD JOKE SUB

Try telling these sexual jokes that get posted here, to your kid and see how your spouse likes it.. if that goes well, Try telling one of your friends kid about your sex life being like Coca cola, first it was normal, than light and now zero , and see if the parents are OK with you telling their kid the "dad joke"

I'm not even referencing the NSFW, I'm saying Dad jokes are corny, and sometimes painful, not sexual

So check out r/jokes for all types of jokes

r/unclejokes for dirty jokes

r/3amjokes for real weird and alot of OC

r/cleandadjokes If your really sick of seeing not dad jokes in r/dadjokes

Punchline !

Edit: this is not a post about NSFW , This is about jokes, knock knock jokes, blonde jokes, political jokes etc being posted in a dad joke sub

Edit 2: don't touch the thermostat

Do your worst!