Good afternoon everyone!

I hope everyone is staying safe and well.

In my mother tongue, Nepali, which is an Indo-Aryan language, verbs inflect for an अज्ञात भूत (agyāt bhūt literally, "unknown past") aspect of the past tense. It denotes events that took place in the past at an unknown time but were only known by an observer recently (who does not know when the event took place). This is one of the 5 aspects of the past tense. (simple, imperfective(ongoing/incomplete), perfective(complete), habitual and "unknown"). The present and future tenses only have simple, imperfective and perfective aspects.

Real life examples of the "unknown past" would be a person realizing that someone has slept or eaten something or fallen asleep or gone home, all events that occured at a point in the past without their initial presence or knowledge of so event, having come to realize it, only at a later point.

1. जोन त सुतेछ। (literally : "(I just realized) John has slept.")
2. तिमीले खाना खाएछौ। (literally : "(I just realized) You have eaten/had dinner.")
3. मार्क घर गएछ। (literally : "(I just realized) Mark has gone home.")
4. म त निदाएछु। (literally : "(I just realized) I had* fallen asleep.") (I have used had in this translation because one cannot realize that one has fallen asleep until after they have woken up, so.)

I will break down the third example:

>मार्क घर गएछ। (literally : "(I just realized) Mark has gone home.")
>
>Mark ghar gaechha.
>
>Mark = name; ghar = home; gaechha = "to go" inflected for unknown past tense;
>
>"gaechha" is unknown past of "janu" (to go) with "-echha" suffix for the unknown past (the going happened at an unknown point in the past).

Even though I have used "I just realized" for the conveyance of the meaning, there are no words denoting "I just realized" in the sentences. A more comprehensive meaning would be:

"I don't know when it happened but I just realized that Mark has gone home."

Or

Mark has gone home at an unknown point in the past. (this feels like the most precise meaning the sentence conveys)

for the third example.

It could very well be represented as "John has apparently slept." or "You have apparently eaten/had dinner." or "Mark has apparently gone home." or "I had apparently fallen asleep." because the sentence does not state any pronoun in case o

I see this sentence in my textbook "아버지와 어머니가 계시고 형이 한 명 있어요" and the translation says "I have my mom, dad, and my older brother" but I'm curious what the exact translation is.

There's elements in the sentence that I feel are not reflected in the given translation, such as:

• 계시고: this looks kind of like "connective and" due to "고" and "계시다" means "stay" (but that word is not included in given translation)
• And also modifiers that kind of confuse me (still a beginner). I know that 와 means "and" but why is it "어머니가" (object particle) and not "어머니와" (continuing the list of things)

My attempt at a more exact translation might be: Father and mother stay and (I) have one older brother.

simple past & present perfect, can anyone elaborate more about these two?q i know the general rules of present perfect (an action that happened & leave the consequence to the present) but there're still some phrases that I don't really understand. like this one:

"I've sprayed perfume" & "I sprayed perfume"

does that mean that perfume still "on" the body or perfume "disappeared"?

i looked up the definitions and it led me to "Aspects" (which I assumed related to the tenses but I got more confused). can someone explain the term "Aspect"?

thank you.

I only ask because I've been learning Spanish through comprehensive input and never particularly studied the grammar of it. I speak Spanish reasonably well (with definite mistakes, but native speakers tend to be able to understand me), my reading is pretty good and my listening is improving.

But seeing all these really in depth posts and tips for specific aspects of the Spanish language leaves me flummoxed! I don't even know what a conditional or subjunctive or indicative is, let alone understand how to use them in Spanish.

Is it vital to know these things, and should I add them to my learning routine, or is it not necessary given comprehensive input websites and channels frequently insist learning the grammar of the language is less important than just exposing yourself to the language.

And if you think it would benefit me to learn about all these things could you recommend any good resources?

Genuine question, not trying to poo poo either method here.

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen, many of you have notified us that the title of this splendid hub of sophistication has been, to our greatest sorrow, penetrated by the fruits of evil, namely by an error in its grammatical composition. I therefore bid you all, being your humble companion in this glorious community, which shines like a beacon of correctness amidst the foul, dark energies emitted by all those improper, foolish souls, to reply to my statement, embedding your concern herein, so that we might be noticed by those who operate this community and are to us like guardians, and so that these ones, encouraged by our most reverent petition, which overflows like a mighty grail with respect, might alter the name of our community in a way which will unify it with perfection. Best regards.

Alors, aujourd'hui, je vais parler de comment les aspects grammaticaux sont réalisés (Pour ce post-ci, je vais seulement parler de l'aspect perfectif et de l'aspect imperfectif). Il y a des langues comme le français ou l'anglais dans lesquelles l'aspect est exprimé par des temps differents. En français, c'est pour l'aspect perfectif "j'ai mangé" (le passé composé) ou pour l'aspect imperfectif "je mangeais" (l'imparfait). En anglais, c'est pour l'un "I ate" et pour l'autre "I was eating". Dans les langues slaves, cette différenciation est réalisé par de différents formes du verbe. Par exemple en croate, on a pour l'aspect imperfectif la forme "jeo sam" alors que pour l'aspect perfectif, la forme "pojeo sam" est utilisée. La même chose pour le rus par exemple. Là, il y a "я ел" et "я поел". En fin de compte, il y a des langues comme l'allemand qui n'ont pas du tout besoin d'aspect. Il y a seulement "Ich habe gegessen" (ou "Ich aß", mais cette forme est seulement utilisée à l'écrit). Il y a d'autres réalisations aussi mais ça serait trop pour ce post-ci.

Alors hier, j'ai parlé de ce qu'est l'aspect grammatical. Aujourd'hui, je vais parler de les aspects existants. Il y en a deux qui sont principal: l'aspect perfectif et l'aspect imperfectif. En bref. l'aspect perfectif exprime un évènement dans son ensemble alors que l'aspect imperfectif traite un évènement comme un progrès avec un début, une duration et une fin. L'aspect imperfectif pourtant peut être divisé entre deux autres aspects: l'aspect habituel et l'aspect continu. L'aspect habituel nous dit qu'un évènement s'est produit de manière habituelle (pensez à "avoir l'habitude") alors que l'aspect continu nous dit qu'un évènement est en cours (pensez ici à "être en train de"). On pourrait divisé l'aspect continu entre l'aspect progressif et l'aspect non-progressif et il y a beaucoup d'autres aspects (si vous voulez en savoit plus, je peux faire un post supplémentaire) mais ça serait trop pour ce post-ci.

In Tamil, the verb paaru means 'to see'. But it is grammaticalised to mean ' to try X' in a construction like:

'Verb X paaru'

'aadi paaru' aadu - dance 'try dancing'

Does the lexical meaning or lexical aspect (aktionsart) of paaru (to see) affect its grammatical meaning (to try X)?

Alors, j'ai décidé que je voulais être le linguist de WriteStreak. Évidemment, seulement avec l'autorisation officielle de notre cher Empereur.

Alors, aujourd'hui, je vais parler de l'aspect grammatical. Il va y avoir trois posts sur se sujet, ici le premier. Aujoud'hui, je vais expliquer qu'est-ce que c'est l'aspect grammatical. L'aspect grammatical exprime comment quelque chose s'est passée vis-à-vis du temps. Pour vous donner une idée: en français, il y a par exemple le passé simple (j'ai mangé). Il exprime que quelque chose est finie, c'est l'aspect parfait. Au contraire, il y a l'imparfait (je mangeais) exprimant que quelque chose n'est pas encore finie et qu'elle persiste ou même qu'elle se répète, c'est l'aspect imparfait.

There are three grammatical aspects in Hindi. Perfective, Progressive and Habitual.

Examples these 3 aspects:

1. Perfective - maiñ kiyaa hoon / main kiyaa
2. Progressive - maiñ kar rahaa hũũ
3. Habitual - maiñ kartaa hũũ

Now, besides these there are other such forms which seem to be related but I find no information whatsoever about these following on the internet in no research work on Hindi Grammar as if they don't even exist. They seem to be a combination of habitual and progressive aspects.

1. maiñ kartaa rahaa thaa (habitual + progressive)
2. maiñ kartaa rehtaa hũũ (habitual + habitual)
3. maiñ kiyaa rahaa thaa (perfective + progressive)

they seem to me like they are aspects themselves. Somewhere I also read that Hindustani cannot form progressive forms of habitual, which clearly is false as the example is right above and I think it's super common to form habitual + habitual forms and habitual + progressive forms. The perfective + progressive forms are also common but only for certain verbs like "baiThnaa", "baiThaa honaa", "khaRaa honaa" etc. The verbs which usually convey a state. For example, "baiThaa rahaa thaa".

So, like why these forms have no existence in any research paper and should they be considered as separate aspects? Or, maybe a subdivision of these 3 aspects? (although the later seems a little odd to me).

I am looking for books that would explain grammatical concepts such as Mood, Tense etc...I am aaware of Bernard Comrie's works (and he cites Lyons), but I want modern resources if possible. I tried searching for books, but most of what appear are cash-grab traditional grammar books.

I'm making a fusional language and I'm having a hard time figuring out which tense-aspect-mood combinations I can or can't allow? Are there any sort of guidelines that I can base my combinations on or is it just whatever seems to fit with how I want the language to function?

I have been learning German for about five years and I still haven't found a website or app that can show the grammatical aspects of a sentence, and be able to change from formal to informal, and change single to plural. I'm about B1 level and I think that the ability to understand the feedback from the grammar in sentences is really significant for German children, and I think it is often missing for non-native speakers learning German. The standard way of learning German seems to be that we're taught how to convert from our language to German, but German children learn by the language confirming the genders and cases. While I understand this will come in time, it would be really useful for me at this stage to be able to see sentences (and preferably enter my own) and see why articles and endings have changed. I have also found nothing that can take sentence to 'du' and change it to 'euch' or 'ihnen' etc.

For example, I would like the site/app to show that the 'den' in "Er geht um den Tisch." shows that Tisch is masculine because it is the direct object of the sentence and 'den' is the Accusative masculine article. Or, "Ich gebe der Frau ein Buch" would point out that 'der' is the feminine dative article because the woman is the indirect object and therefore dative, and the book is the direct object and therefore accusative.

Do you know of anything that can do this? Many thanks in advance.

Title.

For example, a large number of native Spanish speakers live in the US and continue to speak Spanish. Has the dialect of Spanish spoken in the US by immigrants acquired any English grammatical features? I'm talking about more than loan words, like changes in morphology rules and syntax.

And I'm asking if there are documented cases of something like this happening at any point in history and anywhere in the world.

So I have this two sentences under the headline "grammatical relations" and the is topic syntagmatic relations in sentences.

le chien aboie toute la nuit. les chiens aboie toute la nuit.

how is the second sentence correct and how they're congruent?

Sorry that I didn't go to french something but I found it's a linguistics problem and couldn't be that wrong in that subreddit.

So I am just curious to know what aspects of Finnish are highly irregular, aspects where instead of following a strict pattern you just have to memorize it. I have not studied much Finnish so I am not sure but are things like plurals regular in the language?

Literally.

Try and take a difficult aspect of your conlang, and try and explain what it means and how to use it in a way a child would hopefully understand.

*I started writing this article more than a half year ago, then I stopped for a long time, just to come back to it lately. Sorry for the mistakes, but I just did not want to go over this Leviathan of an article again*

Hey,

Two weeks ago, I have passed C2 certificate in German Language - Goethe-Zertifikat C2: GDS. (GDS = Großes Deutsches Sprachdiplom ~ The Highest German Language Diploma).

https://cdn.imageupload.workers.dev/T0Gsv77L_goethe.jpg

Some quick facts:

- I started studying by myself German in September 2020 and I have written Goethe C2 exam on 10.06.21 (9 months),

- I did not attend any structured course, but I had ordered 87 hours on Italki in order to practice speaking; the average cost of class was around 7-10$ per hour, so a total of ~800-1000$ was spent.

- I had pretty busy life beside learning German – I was 5th year Med Student,

- I did not spend any time whatsoever in German-speaking country – the first time I had an opportunity to speak German in a ‘real conversation’ was in the day before the exam,

- I have never used a grammar book,

On the other hand:

- I am used to learning and grinding a lot,

- I have language learning experience.

I will try to write this post in such a way that it could be useful for other language learners – to share my experience, the obstacles I have encountered and tricks I have invented in order to overcome them. You can just see below what could interest you and just read this part.

I will structure this post in the following way, according to the ‘stages’ I went through: (1) groundwork, (2) functional efficiency, (3) ‘fluency’, (4) exam-specific preparation. In each of those I will try to elucidate what techniques and materials I have used and some useful tricks I have used.

The techniques and workarounds could be extrapolated to other languages, so those are the problems I have worked around:

1. Groundwork – the grind – ‘dry’ learning without much use of a ‘real language’ – September/October 2020

a) Learning vocabulary – what to learn, how to learn

a.a) How do I learn the gender of the noun?

b) ‘Micropronounciation’ – correct pronounciations within a single word

c) Which grammar (and HOW) should I learn?

d) What about cases?

e) How to find time to study? How much should I study?

f) How to remember what I have learned?

2. Functional efficiency – the fun begins here – starting to ha

We may be anonymous strangers on the internet, but we have one thing in common. We may be a world apart, but we're here together!

Welcome to the 24 hour pledge!

I'm pledging myself to not drinking today, and invite you to do the same.

Maybe you're new to /r/stopdrinking and have a hard time deciding what to do next. Maybe you're like me and feel you need a daily commitment or maybe you've been sober for a long time and want to inspire others.

It doesn't matter if you're still hung over from a three day bender or been sober for years, if you just woke up or have already completed a sober day. For the next 24 hours, lets not drink alcohol!

This pledge is a statement of intent. Today we don't set out trying not to drink, we make a conscious decision not to drink. It sounds simple, but all of us know it can be hard and sometimes impossible. The group can support and inspire us, yet only one person can decide if we drink today. Give that person the right mindset!

What happens if we can't keep to our pledge? We give up or try again. And since we're here in /r/stopdrinking, we're not ready to give up.

What this is: A simple thread where we commit to not drinking alcohol for the next 24 hours, posting to show others that they're not alone and making a pledge to ourselves. Anybody can join and participate at any time, you do not have to be a regular at /r/stopdrinking or have followed the pledges from the beginning.

What this isn't: A good place for a detailed introduction of yourself, directly seek advice or share lengthy stories. You'll get a more personal response in your own thread.

This post goes up at:

• US - Night/Early Morning
• Europe - Morning
• Asia and Australia - Evening/Night

A link to the current Daily Check-In post can always be found near the top of the sidebar.

Good morning, SD. : )

Yesterday was Thor's Day and here we are at last at Frigg's Day (here she is, spinning the clouds). The Norse goddess Frigg is often associated with love, as is Venus, the planet after which is named the fifth (or sixth, depending on your count) day in most Romance languages (vendredi in French, venerdì in Italian) as well as in Japanese (きんようび, kinyōbi) and Hindi (शुक्रवार, shukravāra).

I've always been fascinated by the days of the week, by the very fact that days have names and we repeat these names over and over again

The artistry we need (photo from Juniper Books)

I finished the Last Wish and I have a grievance.

I had to muddle through these vignettes because the pacing and prose were just too clunky. It was so bad I felt like the original material might just be one of the rare cases in storytelling were the vision needs to be brought to life in a visual medium. But now I know that's not the case. The real issue is the translation.

I'm a literature major and I've never been able to ply the raison d'etre of my mountain of debt until now. So people, hear me. Translation is an art that sits at the right hand of authorship. Translating a work of writing -- with all the vernacular, turns of phrase, and situational irony / tension / humor / emotion that stem from the impact of language -- is a job that requires three things:

1. Native-speaker level comprehension of the original language
2. Creative-writing aptitude in the non-original language
3. Strong intuition of the author's creative intent

The reason you need these three things is sometimes you have to exercise poetic license for cadence and meaning to bridge different grammatical rulesets. You have to decide that writing something slightly different than the literal translation of the original is the best way to convey the emotion and artistry of the original. A dictionary translation, particularly from such genealogically disparate languages as English and Polish, gives you crap.

I don't want to detract from the work that went into translating the series English version we have now, but something(s) on that list is/are obviously missing.

EDITED AFTER ORIGINAL POST

For anyone who wonders how I came to that conclusion, a couple things. I've translated works of rhetoric and fiction from Russian and Latin in my studies, and have a lot of experience with the stilted tone that results from strictly literal translation, which I picked up frequently when reading the Last Wish.

As for examples from the Witcher translations themselves, I originally included the side-by-side translations of a Lady in the Lake passage from a Quora post. I kept the link in this post, but I'm removing the translations because the passage the post author claimed to be the English translation isn't what actually appears in Lady of the Lake (thanks coldcynic and Small_Masterpiece for catching that). The ac

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

The New Order: Last Days of Europe

v1.2.0 “Toolbox Theory”

Major Additions

• Entirely reworked the economy mechanic, including but not limited to production, construction, and trade
• New laws menu, adjusted to TT changes (remade into smaller rectangles and with added sliders about policies effectiveness)
• Added a Foreign Policy mechanic to all Superpowers
• Added Proxy Conflicts to the Philippines, West Africa, the Maho campaign, Congo, Angola, Madagascar, Gazaland, and Malaysia
• Added the Oil Crisis conflicts, South Africa, the Iberian Wars, the Iranian Civil War, and the Indonesian Civil War to the Foreign Policy mechanic
• Added in new buildings and satisfaction and coverage mechanics for them
• Implemented over 100 subideologies for all ideologies
• Reworked the World Tension meter
• Reworked the Industry Research Tab
• Implemented a new Policy Effectiveness mechanic, denoting the effectiveness of a nation’s laws
• Reworked Long Yun content, and facelifted Lu Han content
• Added several new mechanics to Long Yun and Lu Han
• Added new endings to the Western Insurrection
• Rework and content expansion for Kaya
• Added a shared bills mechanic for all Japan PMs
• Order 44 has been heavily reworked
• Iberia now has a new, reworked economic tree
• Added a wartime and post-war devastation mechanic to the English Civil War
• Added wartime focus trees to the English Civil War
• Reworked pre-war trees to the English gov't and HMMLR
• Added 100 days of content to Arthur Chesterton's England and David Stirling's England
• Facelifted SBA content across the board, including a new collapse and facelifted mechanics
• Facelifted Burgundy’s content, including new mechanics and a new AI Collapse scenario, with unique responses for Germany and America
• Added a new Arcade Mode feature for completed campaigns
• Added a mechanic between America, Collaborationist England and Germany to determine which faction England joins
• Bennett has received a major facelift, rethinking how he personally feels about the Civil Rights Act and changing his foreign tree to establish the "Community of Free Nations"
• Reworked Brazil's Military trees, expanding the Sorbonne elections and adding two hardliner paths
• Totally facelifted the Comintern mechanic to no longer consist solely of spam for economic investment
• Added uranium deposits to the world map

Minor Additions

• Added Scotland and Norway to the country select screen
• Igor Shafarevich is now a wholesome c

(I am in no way a professional writer or reviewer. Just a regular car owner, so I apologize for mass grammatical errors.)

Photos of said car: https://imgur.com/a/DhhYSPP

 

Let me preface this by saying that this is the 3rd STI I have owned. I’ve had a 2013, 2016 and a 2019. All 3 were bulletproof as far as reliability went. Only oil changes, new tires, brakes and general fluid changes. I never had any mechanical failure, never needed a tow, drove without issue through 2 feet of fresh snow and all 3 treated me well. I purchased my 2019 STI just shy of 3 years ago. Options included the Option Package #3 (recaro seats and keyless access), short throw shifter, carbon fiber trunk trim and the rear cargo package. MSRP was $41,619. This price sort of places it in a weird segment of its own. A 300+ horsepower manual transmission AWD sports sedan with LSD for 41k. There’s really nothing else on the market with the same features. (For those that don’t know the 2019 got a few upgrades over previous models. Horsepower was bumped from 305 to 310, it received a newer ECU, stronger pistons and a shorter 3rd gear for improved acceleration. BUT, it’s clearly evident that this is an aging platform.

 

First off, it’s an STI- let’s talk performance. The car is downright fun and everything I wanted in a sports sedan. This is not without complaints though. Turbo lag is a real issue with the STI but the engine quickly revs and I got used to the lag (I don’t even notice it anymore). The car begs to be driven aggressively and it rewards you every time with a big smile. Is it the fastest car on the road? No. But it’s the most fun I’ve ever had in a daily driver. Driving on an on-ramp in third gear and speeding to highway speeds never gets old, nor does taking a offramp or driving back roads at high speeds- taking me to the next aspect of performance: the handling. Say what you want about the WRX, the STI is a different beast entirely when it comes to cornering and stability. It’s damn near impossible to break the tires loose. It sticks to the road and goes where you point it without fuss. The downside to this is the car has a jarringly stiff ride. You’ll feel every bump in the road and I do mean every bump in the road. There’s a fine line between a sport suspension and a rough ride. The STI definitely is a rough ride. I’ve taken two road trips in the car and both trips were extremely uncomfortable after a few hours. The seats are stiff, the suspension i

I still don’t really grasp what Chomsky really contributed to the field of linguistics.

I understand prior to Chomsky there was definitely rich traditions of grammatical analysis. I don’t know when the more logical-mathematical study of syntax and semantics came about but I believe that was before Chomsky as well, in analytic philosophers like Bertrand Russell amongst others.

One thing I believe is that Chomsky strongly emphasised that humans do not learn language primarily from experience but there is a structured system, a substrate, in the mind that just gets activated and filled by certain aspects of the language in a human’s environment (poverty of the stimulus, universal grammar).

From there on I do not know about what specific aspects of syntactic theory he contributed.

Thank you

I've seen a lot of anti-LGBTQIA+ posts lately. However, I don't really blame any of you for making them. It's hard to completely understand a group you're not a part of. I was raised religiously and in a very conservative household. I used to ask the same questions, but over time, (after further research and communication) I was able to answer said questions. So, in this quick little post that I threw together, I will attempt to answer some of the inquiries I've seen about our community as of late. I ask that others belonging to the LGBTQIA+ chip in their own elaborations and answers to questions. I'm one person and can't perfectly describe everything, so additional people must try to put forth their own clarifications.

"Why do LGBT people always put their orientation in their bios? Why do they make it their entire personality?"

Bios are harmless and should not be completely dismissed. People are completely within their right to joke about them, however. I've seen an age-old pattern of people constantly trashing on teenage girls. The actions that teenage girls engage in are looked down upon, despite being harmless in most cases. Look, teenage girls are, well... teenagers. We're kids (in the middle of puberty) surrounded by hormones. If we are going to make exceptions for teenage boys (such as people saying that guys masturbate all the time and to just "deal with it because of hormones"), then maybe we should find it in our hearts to consider the same for teenage girls.

I've also examined a double standard where people, regardless of gender, will forgive deplorable actions of same-sex individuals simply because they are of the same gender. For example, when a guy hits a girl, it's regarded as abuse. When a girl hits a guy, however, it's suddenly acceptable.

Or something that a girl does is regarded as cringe, while if a guy does the exact same thing, he's 'Chad'

People usually have their orientation/pronouns in their bios so that:

A. others of their respective group will be able to recognize them as one of their own

B. they can communicate to those outside of their orientation so that they will not be pursued

!!DISCLAIMER!!: Some people are proud of who they are. There are a lot out there who have truly gone through hell and back for their orientation or gender identity and deserve the right to be able to be prideful of such.

Many people do not, in fact, make LGBTQIA+ their entire personality.

Being LGBTQIA+ allows for one's experience

Internalized racism is something that I have never talked about with anyone. It was always an extremely sensitive subject for me to confront, especially as a young boy. I was, well, a coon in my younger years.

From a very young age (I'd say it started when I was 11 or 12) I was never secure in my own black identity. It wasn't difficult for me to tell where African Americans truly stood on America's socioeconomic totem pole.

I knew it was low. I knew my black skin was a mark against me. I knew the black vernacular was a mark against me. I knew the stereotypes against black men. I knew that black girls were seen as mostly unattractive (even by other black dudes). I knew a lot of boys my age that were into redbones, yellowbones, mixed girls, latinas, and white girls (I was one of them). I knew the fact that I was from the ghettos would "devalue" me in the eyes of white America.

There was a time in the 6th or 7th grade when some black students and I made fun of a dark skinned black girl who had big lips and wore hair in a natural state (no weave, no anything). While I eventually stopped, others kept going. I always wonder how she is doing these days.

I'm more brown than dark but even I would get made fun of for my skin tone. I also had concerns about my brothers hair being "better" than mine. I would constantly compare my own hair texture to others. Thinking back, It was incredible how much I cared about that. I internalized most bad things people said about black people (especially black boys).

Hell, I was made fun of most of my childhood for being the nerdy kid but the one black girl who did like me....I was pretending not to notice, but I noticed. I was too busy trying to get the attention of a Latina girl who was already with someone. And her breath ended up stinking anyway. I rejected a girl who showed genuine interest so I could chase a non-black girl who didn't even like me. This is very embarrassing in hindsight.

My desire for validation from the dominant group in America led to me rejecting many aspects of black culture. I hated street rap music. Why? Because it epitomized all the negative stereotypes about black males that I didn't want associated with me. The drugs, the black vernacular, the misogyny, the violence, the poverty, the degeneracy. I wanted NOTHING to do with any of it.

It also didn't help that when I was started watching WWE, I developed an appreciation for rock, metal, and electronic music. These particular appreciations were ge

This is a comment I was originally trying to post under the Both Sides of the Gender Pronoun Debate video, that was uploaded to the Dr. Phil YouTube channel three days ago. I know, it seems kinda petty to post this on Reddit, but I've invested about half an hour writing down my thoughts, so here I go.
To the Moderators: Should there be any problem with my language, please tell me where exactly the problem lies, so I can fix it and upload the comment. Thank you.

What I find so funny about this, is how this blond-haired "dude" describes why he feels like he's not a man. Because he feels now he can explore all kinds of behaviors.
As if a normal man can't do that. Like, wtf are you talking about? You can do literally anything you want, while still being a man. You are adults, you don't have to listen to what other people think of you. If that triggers you so much that you start harassing others into calling you something they don't want to call you, you're an entitled retard.

[I'm gonna make edits to this while I'm watching from here on out]

Nobody thinks that you can identify someone's "story" or "identity" or "name" [wtf?!] just by looking at them. Nobody has this conception. If you believe the world works like that, you're just wrong. It is certainly possible to [in 99% of cases] identify someone's sex [gender is a non-existant concept, it's a grammatical term, not a sociological, more on that later], someone's skin color [not necessarily nationality or even race], some aspects of someone's livestyle and ideas from looking at them, but most of that is just inference. And that's how people usually treat it.

Nobody is "assigned" a sex at birth [as I said above, gender is a non-existant concept]. The doctor looks at you [even though in 99% of cases you wouldn't even need a doctor for that], inspects the genitals [in most cases the sex is identified even before birth] and that confirms your sex. Now, if you're one of the rare cases in which a gonosomal mutation happens [so you're XXY or XXX or XYY or whatever], what happens most of the time is you either are pretty clearly identifiable as a man or a woman here aswell, or you're basically dead at childbirth, because some of these mutations are unfit for survival.
If you're one of the even rarer cases in which you're born with two sets of genitals, the doctors will indeed assign one sex at you, namely the one in which the genitals ar

There are three grammatical aspects in Hindi: Perfective, Progressive and Habitual, and 5 moods: Indicative, Presumptive, Conditional, Imperative, Subjunctive (present & future).

Examples these 3 aspects:

1. Perfective - maiñ kiyaa hoon / main kiyaa.
2. Progressive - maiñ kar rahaa hũũ
3. Habitual - maiñ kartaa hũũ

Now, besides these there are other such forms which seem to be related but I find no information whatsoever about these following on the internet in no research work on Hindi Grammar as if they don't even exist. They seem to be a combination of habitual and progressive aspects.

1. maiñ kartaa rahaa thaa (habitual + progressive)
2. maiñ kartaa rehtaa hũũ (habitual + habitual)
3. maiñ kiyaa rahaa thaa (perfective + progressive)

they seem to me like they are aspects themselves. Somewhere I also read that Hindustani cannot form progressive forms of habitual, which clearly is false as the example is right above and I think it's super common to form habitual + habitual forms and habitual + progressive forms. The perfective + progressive forms are also common but only for certain verbs like "baiThnaa", "baiThaa honaa", "khaRaa honaa" etc. The verbs which usually convey a state. For example, "baiThaa rahaa thaa".

So, like why these forms have no existence in any research paper and should they be considered as separate aspects? Or, maybe a subdivision of these 3 aspects? (although the later seems a little odd to me).

There are three grammatical aspects in Hindi. Perfective, Progressive and Habitual.

Examples these 3 aspects:

1. Perfective - maiñ kiyaa hoon / main kiyaa
2. Progressive - maiñ kar rahaa hũũ
3. Habitual - maiñ kartaa hũũ

Now, besides these there are other such forms which seem to be related but I find no information whatsoever about these following on the internet in no research work on Hindi Grammar as if they don't even exist. They seem to be a combination of habitual and progressive aspects.

1. maiñ kartaa rahaa thaa (habitual + progressive)
2. maiñ kartaa rehtaa hũũ (habitual + habitual)
3. maiñ kiyaa rahaa thaa (perfective + progressive)

they seem to me like they are aspects themselves. Somewhere I also read that Hindustani cannot form progressive forms of habitual, which clearly is false as the example is right above and I think it's super common to form habitual + habitual forms and habitual + progressive forms. The perfective + progressive forms are also common but only for certain verbs like "baiThnaa", "baiThaa honaa", "khaRaa honaa" etc. The verbs which usually convey a state. For example, "baiThaa rahaa thaa".

So, like why these forms have no existence in any research paper and should they be considered as separate aspects? Or, maybe a subdivision of these 3 aspects? (although the later seems a little odd to me).

So I am just curious to know what aspects of Korean are highly irregular, aspects where instead of following a strict pattern you just have to memorize it. I have not studied much Korean so I am not sure but are things like conugations regular in the language?

https://preview.redd.it/6eey3wewflc81.jpg?width=3000&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=10438ce41d75b6019504d0eaf427c2d6196961cc

Hey,

Two roughly six months ago, I have passed C2 certificate in German Language - Goethe-Zertifikat C2: GDS. (GDS = Großes Deutsches Sprachdiplom ~ The Highest German Language Diploma).

*I've written most of this post half a year ago, then I stopped. I resumed writing it just 2 weeks ago, so there may be some time discrepancies.

Some quick facts:

- I started studying by myself German in September 2020 and I have written Goethe C2 exam on 10.06.21 (9 months),

- I did not attend any structured course, but I had ordered 87 hours on Italki in order to practice speaking; the average cost of class was around 7-10$ per hour, so a total of ~800-1000$ was spent.

- I had pretty busy life beside learning German – I was 5th year Med Student,

- I did not spend any time whatsoever in German-speaking country – the first time I had an opportunity to speak German in a ‘real conversation’ was in the day before the exam,

- I have never used a grammar book,

On the other hand:

- I am used to learning and grinding a lot,

- I have language learning experience.

I will try to write this post in such a way that it could be useful for other language learners – to share my experience, the obstacles I have encountered and tricks I have invented in order to overcome them. You can just see below what could interest you and just read this part.

I will structure this post in the following way, according to the ‘stages’ I went through: (1) groundwork, (2) functional efficiency, (3) ‘fluency’, (4) exam-specific preparation. In each of those I will try to elucidate what techniques and materials I have used and some useful tricks I have used.

The techniques and workarounds could be extrapolated to other languages, so those are the problems I have worked around:

Contents:

1) Groundwork – the grind – ‘dry’ learning without much use of a ‘real language’ – September/October 2020

a) Learning vocabulary – what to learn, how to learn

a.a) How do I learn the gender of the noun?

b) ‘Micropronounciation’ – correct pronounciations within a single word

c) Which grammar (and HOW) should I learn?

d) What about cases?

e) How to find time to study? How much should I study?

f) How to remember what I have learned?

**2) Functional efficiency – the fun begins here – starting to have conversations, watching