Just wondering if someone could clarify these terms for me?
Bisphosphate: the molecule contains two phosphate groups, but they are bonded to different atoms e.g. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate?

Biphosphate and diphosphate (interchangeable?): two phosphate groups bonded to the same atom - either directly or indirectly e.g. ADP (indirectly) or some sort of salt (directly?)

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-02416-7

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34953498

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Fasting mimic diet is an effect approach for gastric cancer (GC) treatment. Exploring mechanisms of glucose deprivation-mediated GC suppression is required to develop novel therapeutic regimens. Farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), as a novel target in basic research, has been reported to regulate malignant progression in some types of cancer. However, biological functions of FDFT1 in GC are still unclear. This study focused on biological functions of FDFT1 in GC and the association between glucose starvation (GS) and FDFT1.

METHODS

The data derived from the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database were collected to identify the relationship between survival time and FDFT1 expression levels of GC patients. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to explore the biological functions of FDFT1. The expression levels of targeted genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) were detected with immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Malignant behaviors were measured using cell counting, cell counting kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine, wound healing, invasion transwell assays in vitro and constructions of subcutaneous and lung-metastatic tumors in vivo. The glycolysis of GC cells was determined by a series of metabolites, including lactate acid, pyruvic acid, ATP production, rates of glucose uptake, extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate.

RESULTS

FDFT1 was downregulated in GC and negatively correlated with pathological T stage, pathological TNM stage and cancer differentiation. High expression of FDFT1 also indicated better prognosis of GC patients. FDFT1 upregulation attenuated proliferation, migration and invasion of GC. miR-216a-5p was identified as a critical suppressor of FDFT1 expression and miR-216a-5p/FDFT1 axis regulated malignant behaviors and glycolysis of GC cells. GS suppressed malignant behaviors of GC by targeting miR-216a-5p/FDFT1 axis both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

This study illustrated novel mechanisms by which GS effectively suppresses GC. FDFT1 may become a potential prognostic indicator and novel target of GC therapy.

------------------------------------------ Info ------------------------------------------

Open Access: True

Authors: Ruiyang Zhao - Bo Cao - Hanghang Li - T

110012=52=XXV. Not the answer to everything, but the number of carbons in a sesterterpene, for which we describe the first bacterial type I terpene synthase and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase encoded by a gene cluster from Streptomyces mobaraensis. Seven sesterterpenes were obtained with the recombinant enzymes and their biosynthesis was analyzed by isotope labeling experiments.

Abstract

A biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces mobaraensis encoding the first cases of a bacterial geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase and a type I sesterterpene synthase was identified. The structures of seven sesterterpenes produced by these enzymes were elucidated, including their absolute configurations. The enzyme mechanism of the sesterterpene synthase was investigated by extensive isotope labeling experiments.

https://ift.tt/30qLV5c

Apyrase represents an important family of extracellular enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of high‐energy phosphate bonds (HEPBs) in ATP and ADP, thereby modulating many physiological processes and driving life activities. Here, we report an unexpected discovery that cerium‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Ce‐MOFs) of UiO‐66(Ce) possess intrinsic apyrase‐like activity for the intervention of ATP/ADP‐related physiological processes. The abundant Ce(III)/Ce(IV) couple sites of Ce‐MOFs endow them with the ability to selectively catalyse the hydrolysis of HEPBs of ATP and ADP under physiological condition. Compared to natural enzymes, they could resist to extreme pH and temperature, and present a broad range of working conditions. Based on this finding, a significant inhibitory effect on ADP‐induced platelet aggregation was observed upon exposing the platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) to the biomimetic UiO‐66(Ce) films, prefiguring their wide application potentials in medicine and biotechnology.

https://ift.tt/2ZrdjPz

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I'm an avid coffee drinker but I do it for the taste and aroma only. I've never felt energised or stimulated after drinking coffee or energy drinks. Some people make it out as if having coffee or energy drinks will keep you awake for the whole night, but I just don't get it. Maybe I need larger amount of caffeine, but it seems to be working for everyone I know.

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

Alot of great jokes get posted here! However just because you have a joke, doesn't mean it's a dad joke.

THIS IS NOT ABOUT NSFW, THIS IS ABOUT LONG JOKES, BLONDE JOKES, SEXUAL JOKES, KNOCK KNOCK JOKES, POLITICAL JOKES, ETC BEING POSTED IN A DAD JOKE SUB

Try telling these sexual jokes that get posted here, to your kid and see how your spouse likes it.. if that goes well, Try telling one of your friends kid about your sex life being like Coca cola, first it was normal, than light and now zero , and see if the parents are OK with you telling their kid the "dad joke"

I'm not even referencing the NSFW, I'm saying Dad jokes are corny, and sometimes painful, not sexual

So check out r/jokes for all types of jokes

r/unclejokes for dirty jokes

r/3amjokes for real weird and alot of OC

r/cleandadjokes If your really sick of seeing not dad jokes in r/dadjokes

Punchline !

Edit: this is not a post about NSFW , This is about jokes, knock knock jokes, blonde jokes, political jokes etc being posted in a dad joke sub

Edit 2: don't touch the thermostat

Do your worst!

How the hell am I suppose to know when it’s raining in Sweden?

Ants don’t even have the concept fathers, let alone a good dad joke. Keep r/ants out of my r/dadjokes.

But no, seriously. I understand rule 7 is great to have intelligent discussion, but sometimes it feels like 1 in 10 posts here is someone getting upset about the jokes on this sub. Let the mods deal with it, they regulate the sub.

They were cooked in Greece.

I'm surprised it hasn't decade.

Now that I listen to albums, I hardly ever leave the house.

Don't you know a good pun is its own reword?

Two muffins are in an oven, one muffin looks at the other and says "is it just me, or is it hot in here?"

Then the other muffin says "AHH, TALKING MUFFIN!!!"

For context I'm a Refuse Driver (Garbage man) & today I was on food waste. After I'd tipped I was checking the wagon for any defects when I spotted a lone pea balanced on the lifts.

I said "hey look, an escaPEA"

No one near me but it didn't half make me laugh for a good hour or so!

Edit: I can't believe how much this has blown up. Thank you everyone I've had a blast reading through the replies 😂

It really does, I swear!