Which is the function of RNA polymerase enzyme during the Transcription?
A) unwinds the double helix
B) Matches nucleotide pairs
C) Join DNA to RNA primer
D) Synthesize the mRNA
I have been relying so much on sketchy that I can't fucking learn from videos or textbooks anymore. Plz help out this cartoon clown
Have a test on IB bio topics 7 & 8 coming up, and no matter what the processes of transcription and translation wont stick in my head. Please help!
From J. Chapoutot, “Eradicating Typhus: Medical Imagination and Nazi Health Discourse in the General Government of Poland” (1939-1944)
Full (rough) English translation - worth reading through imo - see highlighted passages especially.
I don't understand, I know you use the chart with the codons, but aren't there multiple possible RNA codons per Amino Acid?
>To provide a vaccine with an improved stability profile, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for use in children 5-11 years of age uses tromethamine (Tris) buffer instead of the phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) as used in the previous formulation
Tris buffer is used in gene therapy experiments, for example:
Rapid and simplified purification of recombinant adeno-associated virus
>Preclinical gene therapy studies both in-vitro and in-vivo require high purity preparations of adeno-associated virus (AAV).
>
>Tris buffer had to be excluded from the buffer solution as even small traces of Tris can be highly toxic in in vivo experiments.
EMA Assessment report Comirnaty Common name: COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (nucleoside-modified) p. 21
>Residual DNA template is a process-related impurity derived from the linearised DNA template added to the in-vitro transcription reaction. Residual DNA template is measured as defined in the active substance specification. The levels are controlled by a specification limit which is considered suitably low.
p: 17:
>The robustness of the DNase digestion step is not considered comprehensively demonstrated although there is routine control of residual DNA impurities at the active substance level. It has been confirmed that studies to enhance the robustness of this step are ongoing and these should be reported (REC7).
The TGA knows the spike protein from the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine enters the nucleus.
Is spike protein causing catastrophic damage to DNA?
There are also concerns with the effects the COVID-19 "vaccines" have on the children's immune systems:
['The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine again
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So I got a pretty basic question about transcription and translation, wanna see if i figured it out right
so i got the DNA (the triplet here is called code) strand going 3'-5' - to that I add an antiparalalel 5'-3' pre-mRNA strand with RNA polymerase -. starting place for the transcription is the promotor there is also a terminal end
add a cap on the 5', and a poly-a tail on the 3; splice it, remove introns - boom mRNA which i get out into the cytoplasm - triplet is called codone
then i make a pre-tRNK which is also going 5'-3', splice it and send it out into the cytoplasm, where it bends and picks up an aminoacid - also, triplet here is anticodone
also, in the nucleuolus, pre-rRNK is synthetized, spliced, giving me a big and a small strand - these are gonna end up making the big and small subunit of a ribosome
ok now in the cytoplasm, i have the mRNK, where i attach the big and small ribosome subunit on the 5' - in there are E-P-A parts which go along the mRNK. when the A goes over a triplet, codone, whatever, a tRNK with the complementary anticodone comes along and adds the right aminoacid there (how i figured it out - it always starts with methionine or valine), ribosome keeps going, tRNK gets removed when it gets to E, keep adding aminoacids, boom you got a polipeptid chain.
this should be it, did i miss anything important?
I've been trying to learn this for a long time, can someone please explain the processes of this simply. Any help will be appreciated greatly.
Spider-Man No Way Home's post credit scene's audio has now leaked online. As we've known for a few days now, it is a teaser for Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness
Since it's not allowed to directly link to it on this sub, here is a transcription:
>WONG (voiceover): Don't cast that spell... It's too dangerous
>STRANGE: Why?
>STRANGE (voiceover): We tampered with stability of space time.
>STRANGE: The multiverse is a concept of which we know frighteningly little.
>(shot of Strange's face in reflection of his broken watch)
>MORDO: Your desecration of reality will not go unpunished
>(Strange walks out into NYC to see broken buildings growing sideways)
>STRANGE: It was the only way.
>(Strange walking up dark-looking stairs in the sanctum)
>(Strange on a street intensely staring at something while people in the background run away)
> STRANGE (voiceover): But I never meant for any of this to happen.
>(shot of female hand in a white long sleeved shirt walking forward with red glowing magic orb, likely Wanda)
>(shot of Strange at Christine's wedding)
>(random shot of an angry black crow/raven)
>(shot of America Chavez walking)
>(injured Wong staring at some bright light)
>(shot of someone with a pony tail tumbling through the multiverse (?) screaming)
>(shot of nice pleasant house, completely different from the one from WV, surrounded by perfectly arranged trees)
>(shot of Strange in a jacket looking around this place)
>(shot of Wanda with her hair tied up in a pony tail over her shoulder in casual clothes, cutting a tree)
> STRANGE: Wanda...
> WANDA: I knew sooner or later you'd show up. I've made mistakes and people were hurt...
> STRANGE: ...I'm not here to talk about Westview.
> WANDA: Then what are you here for? (confused)
> STRANGE: We need your help.
> WANDA: With what?
> STRANGE: What do you know about the multiverse?
> [epic music starts]
>(Strange and Chavez and someone else walking through a vault door in a floating broken wall into space)
> MORDO (with long hair dreads): I'm sorry, Stephen...
>(shot of dark fog approaching Kamar-Taj, Strange and Wong are both there)
>MORDO (voiceover): I hope you understand...
>(shot of Wanda meditating in her new costume above a circle of candles)
>MORDO (voiceover): the greatest threat...
>(shot o
... keep reading on reddit ➡Link to last post with the physics apps
I know that some form of at least remote instruction is a new reality for us or our students and I wanted to help. Here are most of the biology focused apps I've made this year. Some I made for my environmental science class, some I made for my wife's biology class. All of them are now available for you to use however you will.
Saw Whet Owls Carrying Capacity - Biology - Tiny owls eat mice at night and then sleep during the day. During the day, hawks eat the owls unless they can find a safe place to hide. I made this to give my students a way to discover the idea of carrying capacity based on multiple factors, in this case food and shelter. Students can change the number of hollow trees and mice and see how the owl population changes over time. Not my prettiest but it did get the job done.
DNA Replication - Biology - Students act as the enzymes involved in DNA replication, they open the strand as helicase and then copy both sides as polymerase. Simple, but gives students practice quickly and independently. Works with touch or mouse and keyboard.
Codon Chart - Biology - Quick interactive version of a circular codon chart. It helps students learn how to read the static version since it gives visual feedback about which amino acid you are selecting.
Cat Genetics – DNA to Protein - Biology - Take two genes from four cats through the process of transcription to translation to protein folding. Students can find patterns in the genes that code for the protein that makes eumelanin and the protein that moves the melanin into the cat hairs. They can even identify how the DNA changed to give the different version and explain how that changed the cats’ appearance. Students also practice the mechanics of transcription and translation. Based on my original Hemoglobin DNA to Protein app. This app uses shortened versions of the real DNA sequences.
Osmosis Diagram Maker - Biology - Quickly make infinite diagrams showing a cell membrane molecules inside and out so students can practice thinking about the flow of water across the membrane. Change the amounts by
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