Preservation of ancient monuments is very important to me.
This structure in Spain has been eroding at a fast rate due to a dam that was built in the 60's.
It's now submerged 90% of the time, only visible in times of drought, deteriorating the stones and destroying the monument.
the Dolmen of Guadalperal, better known as the Spanish Stonehenge used to be a burial mound similar to those found in Ireland.
The nearby ancient Roman settlement of AugustΓ³briga is flooded as well.
Let's uncover all that we can in this video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zugA-J52icE
Eber Finn:
As some may, or may not, be aware, Irish mythology records that the kings of Iberia 1287 BC, were directly related to the high kings of Ireland.
Contemporary historians and scholars dismiss Irish legend as mythology, and mentain that there is no historical connection between Iberia, and Ireland.
>According to the Lebor GabΓ‘la Γrenn, the ancestors of the Gaels were living in the Iberian peninsula, ruled by two of the sons of MΓl, Γber Donn and ΓrimΓ³n.
Contemporary history:
So now, let us look at contemporary history, and see what it has to say.
Now, according to archaeologists and anthropologists, Iberia was likely colonised by Northerners, dating back to the younger dryas.
Pre-history and pre-roman peoples
>Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the last ice age.
Castro culture:
Now according to archaeologists, contemporary historians, and scholars, the Castro culture was a Celtic culture.
>Modern archaeology and research shows a Portuguese root to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere.[37] During that period and until the Roman invasions, the Castro culture (a variation of the Urnfield culture also known as Urnenfelderkultur) was prolific in Portugal and modern Galicia.[38][39][24] This culture, together with the surviving elements of the Atlantic megalithic culture[[40]](https://en.
... keep reading on reddit β‘This is an automatic summary, original reduced by 75%.
> Some archaeologists say that the study does not prove the scale of the British Beaker invasion, but agree that it is a major work that typifies how huge ancient-DNA studies are disrupting archaeology.
> It's "Groundbreaking", says Benjamin Roberts, an archaeologist at Durham University, UK. The variety of Beaker artefacts makes it hard to define them as emerging from one distinctive culture: many researchers prefer to call their spread the 'Bell Beaker phenomenon', says Marc Vander Linden, an archaeologist at University College London.
> The analysis seems to dispel the idea of one 'Beaker people' arising from a specific source.
> Bell Beaker "Is the best example of something that is pots and not people" that are spreading, he says.
> Reich's team analysed the genomes of 19 Beaker individuals across Britain and found that they shared little similarity with those of 35 Neolithic farmers there.
> The rise of cremation in Bronze Age Britain could have biased the finding, he cautions, because it might have eliminated bones that could have been sampled for DNA. Although archaeologists are excited to see ancient DNA yield breakthroughs in problems that have vexed their field for decades, says Linden, he expects some push back against the latest study's conclusions.
Summary Source | FAQ | Theory | Feedback | Top five keywords: Beaker^#1 people^#2 study^#3 Individuals^#4 genomes^#5
Post found in /r/unitedkingdom and /r/science.
NOTICE: This thread is for discussing the submission topic. Please do not discuss the
... keep reading on reddit β‘
I'm aware that Bell Beakers arrived in North Africa. But what was their intentions? To trade? To conquer? I'm aware that they conquered places like Britain and Spain, with replacing nearly all of the native population there.
So if Bell-Beakers were aggressive most of the time. Does that mean they tried to conquer North Africa only for Proto-Berbers to kick their ass and halt their expansion? I noticed that Proto-Indo-Europeans always failed to conquer/replace populations that are pastoral-nomads (e.g Uralics, Semites, etc), and Proto-Berbers were nomadic pastoralists so it makes sense.
Before Bell Beakers came, Cardial culture (EEF) settled in North Africa only to be replaced quickly by the Capsian culture (Proto-Berbers) who were mostly pastoral-nomads. And the only trace of those EEF currently are in the modern-day Berber genome as admixture and mtDNA. And Proto-Berbers were aggressive expansionists as well, as they reached the Sahel quickly (Mauritania, Mali and Niger) displacing the local farming-based sub-saharan Mande populations deep into West Africa.
So two expansionist nomadic-derived populations are bound to clash right? Let me know your opinions and theories.
This paper from Papac et al. has some interesting insights into the Steppe incursions of the Bronze Age in the Bohemian region of central Europe. As tends to be the case, it shows that there is a lot more diversity than previously realised in how populations changed in the period.
Corded Ware
Some interesting broad insights are the complete absence of steppe ancestry prior to the Corded Ware incursions into this region of central Europe. The Corded Ware samples are also interesting, indicating that the Corded Ware people that moved into central Europe mixed significantly with hunter-gatherers of northeastern Europe to a degree not seen by any Yamnaya or even other central European Neolithic groups. This seems to have been achieved through mating with females from northeastern Europe who then moved together with males into the Bohemia region, suggesting a 'folk movement' rather than male bands. The authors state this is the first time that Corded Ware remains without steppe ancestry have been identified, shedding light on the first stage of assimilation, perhaps. This period also shows more gender differentiation in burial, indicating heightened stratification, and a reduction in Y-chromosome diversity, suggesting domination by elite patrilineal clans that enjoyed more mating success.
>Our results suggest that the Y-lineage diversity in early CW males was supplanted by a nonrandom process [selection, social structure, or influx of nonlocal R1a-M417(xZ645) lineages] that drove the collapse in Y-chromosomal diversity. A simultaneous decline of Y-chromosomal diversity dating to the Neolithic has been observed across most extant Y-haplogroups (64), possibly due to increased conflict between male-mediated patrilines (65). We view that changes in social structure (e.g., an isolated mating network with strictly exclusive social norms) could be an alternative cause but would be difficult to distinguish in the underlying model parameters.
Bell Beaker
The authors note the strong affinity between early CW populations and BB, suggesting contiuity between the groups. There is an interesting insight into the dominance of certain R1b lineages among Bell Beakers, with the authors proposing that R1b-L151 was dominant among CW, while R1b-312, the dominant BB lineage in Bohemia, arose in the Rhine region before spreading. Also, English BB lineages are not descended from Bohemian BB lineages, instead seeming to 'diversify in parallel'
>We observe a closer
... keep reading on reddit β‘
> A study published in Nature in February 2018 confirmed that Bell Beaker males carried almost exclusively R1b, but the very first ones (in Iberia) had no Steppe autosomes or R at all.
From Wikipedia, referring to this paper.
What is the implication of this, since the Beaker culture was so prevalent in Iberia (seemingly more so than anywhere else)? The paper even mentions that Bell Beaker culture potentially initially came from Iberia, but if thatβs the case, wouldnβt it imply it to be a non Indo-European culture that was adopted by Indo-European peoples?
I've been reading a huge amount on bronze-age Europe and Indo-European origins, and one issue I've had, admittedly as a layman, is the theory that the Corded-Ware cultures derive directly from the Yamnaya, and the theory that the Beaker culture derives directly from Corded-Ware. It just doesn't seem to align with the DNA studies. Specifically, the fact that the Yamnaya are an R1b Y-DNA population while the Corded-Ware are an R1a Y-DNA population, meanwhile the succeeding Beakers in Corded-Ware territory are R1b. I've seen it argued that the Yamnaya or Beakers didn't directly contribute it to the northern European gene pool, but the fact that modern Scandinavians have R1a and R1b in comparable percentages makes that idea doubtful.
Obviously, I'm a layman and my opinions shouldn't carry any weight, but it seems to me like the genetic (and also archaeological) data suggest the Corded Ware is a genetically and culturally related, but parallel Indo-European culture to the Yamnaya who's movement to and presence in central, northern, and northeastern predates the later Yamnaya expansion. Further, it seems to me that the Beaker culture derives from Yamnaya penetration into the Corded Ware horizon and subsequent admixture with that population, which would explain the heavily R1b Y-DNA profile of the Beaker Culture.
Are my questions regarding of the current theory justified, or am I misinterpreting or missing information related to the subject?
Iβve seen a few studies which mention that Bell Beaker burials consisted of facing the deceased towards the rising sun.
I just wanted to muse a little bit.
Obviously there are solar symbols all over the world, especially amongst IE peoples with swatsikas and solar wheels. The sun is in the day lit sky. Obviously this is the domain of the Sky Father. The sun has been referred to in comparative mythology as the eye of Deyus because a few of the descendant IE myths have connected Sky deity with the solar eye.
This is my personal theory of the burial ritual, and I could be wrong:
The Sky father sees over this ritual or is invoked in it.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The sun rises, a life is born. The sun reaches its zenith and so a life reaches its peak. The sun descends and so a life declines in age. The sun sets and so a life ends. The sun rises again, and so the body is faced towards the rising sun so that the soul will rise once more.
