With the most recent change of Epoch, we've now all experienced the "backpressure" mechanism IOG has talked a lot about to fairly manage network load. Does anyone know how it actually works?

So this is something I've been wanting to understand in terms of the technical elements of Cardano for a bit, but the recent change of epoch (probably due to Dripdropz and the cNETA airdrop) made it super relevant to just about everyone and I figured it's time to ask more about it.

My current understanding comes from only a couple of brief mentions in a couple of documents:

https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2021/10/21/cardano-robust-resilient-and-flexible/ :

>Even while stress testing under 44x, the total available network capacity also shows no failures (though some transactions may be slightly delayed). The network is designed to work this way, using backpressure to manage the overall system load. So while some individual users taking part in a large NFT drop may experience longer wait times for their transactions, for example, or may need to resubmit the occasional transaction from a large batch (or spread the drops over a longer time period), this does not mean that the network is ‘struggling’. It actually means the network is performing as intended. We call it ‘graceful degradation’ and you can read more about it in the network design paper.

And then that linked design paper (https://hydra.iohk.io/build/7249613/download/1/network-design.pdf) says, of the topic

>The idea is to use a single ‘bearer’ between peers over which all interactions are multiplexed. This allows us to control the resources that can be consumed at a node by any connected peer, thereby minimising the scope for resource consumption attacks, including peer-related denial-of-service attacks. This has the downside of making the RTT [round-trip-time] more of a problem for performance, which we manage with pipelining (see Section 5.3.4). We apply backpressure to manage edge conditions, while minimising head-of-line blocking effects (Failure to clear the queues by reading from the TCP socket will cause the receive window to fill up and the sender will stop sending more data. No data is lost and no packets are retransmitted, but no progress is made) by means of explicit multiplexing on the bearer. This gives us control over precedence of delivery and the emergent properties of the bearer by having the point of contention within the local node’s domain of co

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