I did a ramp test today. I m curious to compare the level of effort to other exercise tests in METS. Is there an easy way to convert?

Could anybody that has taken HE ED 110 possibly help me with this nutrition question and the procedure behind solving these types of word problems using the Metabolic Equivalent formula? I was away during this lecture and the notes don't explain anything or even give the correct answer :/

"Joe weighs 80kg and walked for 30mins at 3.0mph - 3.3 METs. Calculate how many kcals Joe burned during his walk"

... or deliberately harvesting and consuming them with that in our minds.

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ibes/speakman/pdf_docs/202.pdf

> In fact, this study and most other studies of human BMR generate coefficients of variance in the individual residuals of about 7%–8%. In practice, this means that, even taking the effect of body composition into account, the individuals with the top 5% of residual BMRs are metabolising energy about 28%–32% faster than individuals with the lowest 5% residual BMR.

[...]

> These differences in metabolic rate, at the extremes, are not small trivial differences in the context of total daily energy budgets. To illustrate this point, it is useful to consider that 3.0 MJ is about the same amount of energy that a person with 43 kg LBM might expend during a 10-km run. In effect, individual A needs to do the equivalent of a 10-km run every day to sustain the same basal processes (presumably) as individual B.

So unfair...

NEWS RELEASE 22-JUN-2021

Not all dietary proteins are created equal

New study published in the Journal of Nutrition concluded that 'ounce equivalents' of animal- and plant-based protein-rich foods may not be metabolically equivalent after all

FOODMINDS LLC

Research News

SHARE PRINT  E-MAIL

Dietary protein is needed to supply essential amino acids for the synthesis of the structural and functional components of living cells. Thus, food protein quantity and quality are both essential for good health. The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) published an "ounce equivalents" recommendation to help consumers meet protein requirements with a variety of protein food sources. For example, the DGAs present a variety of "ounce equivalents" in the protein food groups stating that 1 ounce of meat is equivalent to 1 cooked egg, ¼ cup of red kidney beans, 1 tablespoon of peanut butter, 2 ounces of tofu, and ½ ounce of mixed nuts. However, the DGAs do not currently address the issue of differences in protein quality associated with varied food sources. In general, animal proteins have higher protein digestibility and a better essential amino acid profile relative to dietary requirements. These measures of protein quality indicate that animal proteins can more readily provide the daily requirement of essential amino acids than plant protein.

A new manuscript recently published in The Journal of Nutrition investigated the physiological response to various ounce equivalents of protein food sources and found that the consumption of ounce equivalents of animal-based protein food sources resulted in greater gain in whole-body net protein balance above baseline than the ounce equivalents of plant-based protein food sources. (1) Robert Wolfe (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences) and colleagues randomly assigned 56 young healthy adult participants to one of seven food intervention groups: 2 ounces of cooked beef sirloin, 2 ounces of cooked pork loin, 2 cooked eggs, ½ cup of red kidney beans, 2 tablespoons of peanut butter, 4 ounces of tofu, or 1 ounce of mixed nuts. Prior to the onset of the study, participants followed a 3-day dietary weight maintenance. Participants' net whole-body protein b

Alright so you've obviously heard the craze by now about psych stocks and I'm sure a lot of it has been gain porn and fat stacks. If MNMD's poor up-listing performance today didn't turn you off, here is some DD that will hopefully give you a better idea of what the company does. Plenty of people seem to think that MNMD is going to be selling tabs of acid and caps of mush to folks, but that's just not it. Take a look at whats below if you're interested.

Psych Sector Quick Overview

At the moment, there are (I think) 28 publicly traded companies in the sector. They are pretty much all penny stocks, except for Compass and Mind Med. This is a nascent sector and most likely an extended play given the time it takes for the drugs to come to market. Basically the sector can be divided into three main groups: 1) Drug Developers, 2) Clinic companies, and 3) Recreational Companies. Many companies blend these different categories but the one we are looking at today is predominantly in the drug development space. The drugs they are working on can be classified into two distinct categories: 1) Classical psychedelic compounds (Psilocybin, LSD, DMT, etc.) and 2) Novel psychedelic compounds (Derivatives and Novel Formulations). MindMed is focused on developing a blend of these two. There's an incredible wealth of research that has gone into these substances and how they are presumed to be far more effective than traditional therapy options in treating a variety of psychological disorders and ailments. In fact, Ketamine is already being used in assisted therapy in many places around the world. The sector had quite the run last fall and early into the new year. Looking like there might be another run based on a couple of big-name catalysts in the coming weeks. Because of the volatility and anecdotal hype, plenty of people have likened the sector to weed. But anyone who has felt the benefits of these drugs knows it's not the same. Sure, most of the companies are going to fail, and many don't have a lot to offer at all. However, MindMed is one of the biggest names, with the biggest backers and the most expansive drug pipelines, so it's nice to think they are in a league of their own.

Mind Medicine:

To get us started, their mission statement: “MindMed’s mission is to discovery, development, and deploy psychedelic inspired medicines and therapies intended to treat diseases in the areas of psychiatry, neurology, addiction, **

https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/emmm.202114323

Very-low-carbohydrate diet enhances human T-cell immunity through immunometabolic reprogramming

Simon HirschbergerGabriele StraußDavid EffingerXaver MarstallerAlicia FerstlMartin B MüllerTingting WuMax HübnerTim RahmelHannah MascoloNicole ExnerJulia HeßFriedrich W KrethKristian UngerSimone KrethAuthor InformationEMBO Mol Med (2021)e14323https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202114323

Abstract

Very-low-carbohydrate diet triggers the endogenous production of ketone bodies as alternative energy substrates. There are as yet unproven assumptions that ketone bodies positively affect human immunity. We have investigated this topic in an in vitro model using primary human T cells and in an immuno-nutritional intervention study enrolling healthy volunteers. We show that ketone bodies profoundly impact human T-cell responses. CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T-cell capacity were markedly enhanced, and T memory cell formation was augmented. RNAse

A direct extrapolation of the effects observed in a clinical trial in rodents or other animals to one in humans cannot be used based solely on body weight due to differences in metabolism of the different species.

An example of this would be to calculate human equivalent doses multiplying the doses given to the animal by the weight of an average human being, this is very stupid and unfortunately the internet is full of pseudoscientific influencers using this type of erroneous extrapolation (for example "recommending" gigantic doses of "C" compound as safe).

EDIT

I have to remove the example i made with a compound that starts with "C" for the forums sake, i will adapt the example with a resveratrol clinical trial.

TLDR

You cant directly extrapolate doses from animals to humans, you need to loo at the attached pic and use the following formula: DEH (mg / kg) = Animal dose (mg / kg) * (Animal Km: Human Km)

First I will explain the theory then I will give a practical example with resveratrol.

Theory

The biggest mistake is that it is not taken into account that the use of oxygen and caloric expenditure are much higher in rodents (or other types of animals) than in humans, basically they metabolize any substance much faster.

• Based on the studies of Max Rubner (1883) It can be concluded that both oxygen utilization and caloric expenditure correlate with the ratio of the creature's surface area to its body weight.
• According to the laws of thermodynamics, they state that the flow of heat through the surface of an object is proportional to its surface area.
• So, on a gram-for-gram basis, the mouse will expend more energy than man, meaning that its metabolic rate is proportionally much higher.

That said, it should be quite obvious that the relationship between body weight (in kg) and surface area (in m2), the so-called Km factor, can be used as a relative measure of an animal's metabolic rate.

Using the data provided by Rubner, we can calculate the Km factors:

• Mouse: Km = 3
• Human: Km = 37
• 3/37 = 0.081 = 8.1%

Therefore human metabolism is the equivalent of 8% of the metabolic rate of a mouse.

Using these values, equivalent doses for a species can be calculated using the following equation created by Reagan-Shaw:

DEH (mg / kg) = Animal dose (mg / kg) * (Animal Km: Human Km)

Nair and Jacob provide us with a fairly good summary table of all this, which is based on data provided by the FDA in the document: "Es

Original prompt that inspired this story

PART I

"Again it is just splendid to have you here with us, creation knows we need more with your kind's ambition here!" the alien diplomat symphonically curdled before gliding away to greet another dignitary.

Nole exhaled heavily through his nostrils and, after a brief tuck of the shirt, began to look around the auditorium. He could still barely believe it, and he was literally standing there with his own eyeballs watching it happen; cosmic life, mingling among each other like a long-awaited family reunion.

He could still barely believe things were going so smoothly, but perhaps that was just the soldier in him. His thoughts were interrupted by a familiar voice:

"How are you feeling captain?"

Nole turned and was immediately grateful for the interruption. "Mrs. Lanter, I was wondering where you sauntered off to."

Nataly Angelique Roderiguez-Lanter was the representative from Earth, specifically from the Gilead-Republican Conservative party. The GRC insisted that they would not be left out of any extraterrestrial negotiations now or in the future, but they didn't listen when the U.N.S.N. tried to tell them this was the intergalactic equivalent to an office cocktail party and that no such negotiations would be taking place. Go figure.

"Oh I was trapped in a rather one sided conversation with the Keplerite ambassador, but I just think he's nervous about being here." She sipped water from a strange looking glass, keeping her eyes on him all the while. "They don't have anything stronger here if you're wondering, something about different biochemistries, so they just serve water. It's good water though."

Nole nodded thoughtfully. The Keplerites made contact with the outer galaxy almost at the same time as Earth did, so they were kind of in the same boat. He internally chuckled when he realized that they actually came to the convention on the same ship. "I think I understand what he's feeling, the Keplerite. On some base level this just feels, I don't know. Unnerving."

Nataly smiled her perfect smile. "Well Nole just look around! There are predators and prey here, organics and machines, how can you not feel like this is a bomb waiting to go off!"

Mrs. Lanter wearing a red silk dress with a tastefully low neckline, with crimson highlights in her jet-black hair. Even the non-simian sp

I noticed in yesterdays main post that a lot of popular comments claimed that CICO isn't all that truthful and just something soda and candy companies like to peddle so that their unhealthy calories are also "just calories". Here's a couple of misleading claims I noticed:

1. TDEE calculators aren't very accurate, therefore CICO isn't a sound theory.

This is the equivalent to saying "BMI charts aren't good predictors of health because a muscular person could have a BMI that's overweight, therefore obesity isn't really a thing. Sure everyone has different metabolisms and daily activity so a cookie cutter calorie opinion on your height and weight isn't a good predictor, but there's still a daily caloric intake that would maintain your current weight. And one can figure that out by tracking calories and weight and noting when both aren't changing, that's your TDEE.

2. Diabetics without insulin will die emaciated no matter how many calories they consume, thus the "thermodynamics" argument is unsound.

This is like taking a water bottle with holes in it and demonstrating that "water bottles aren't good at holding water." Diabetics can't make insulin so their cells literally can't take in the glucose in the blood, so they pee it out. It's not showing that thermodynamics of CICO isn't the whole picture. It's showing that a diabetic can eat and not have it contribute to their calories-in because their cells literally can't take in those calories.

At the end of the day, different diet strategies help you choose less calorically dense foods and foods that will keep you satiated longer. But any weight loss and weight gain is simply CICO running in the background. This is simple science that should be axiom in this subreddit, and it boggles my mind when I see that that isn't the case.

So why share share this? Well I would have found it interesting, maybe someone else do too. I know there was a question about this on here not long ago. First I got to say, I've done a few cuts before starting out with a number from a calorie calculator and going from there, it never really turned out too great, I lost the weight I should in the end but it was hard. If that works for you I see no reason to change that, but if you've struggled maybe this will help you.

The question I've been testing is, "Can you use a fitness tracker to estimate calories burned?" This question has come up on a lot of different fitness podcasts I've listened to. Including this one, back in 2019 with a focus on Fitbit. I don't know anything about fitbits accuracy so I'm not gonna comment on that other than saying Greg and Eric was probably right in everything they said.

I've heard some terrible answers to the question though, the worst probably being that "you burn calories at rest too, and fitness trackers don't take that into account". But the answer mostly go something like this:

"A stressful situation will send your pulse racing, but no one would confuse public speaking with exercise. The energy costs of these activities are very different." And that's usually the end of that.

The quote is actually from the start of this article on the subject: https://www.firstbeat.com/en/blog/firstbeat-gets-calorie-counts-right/

A lack of correlation between heart rate and activity intensity produces high error rates for calorie counts that rely on heart rate alone. These error rates are typically in the range of 25-30%, rendering feedback unreliable for informed decision making.

The one I used uses heart rate, VO2 max, maximum heartrate, respiration rate derived from heart rate variability, third Firstbeat variable as well as height, weight, sex, and age. Plus you put in activity type before you record a workout, walking, running, bike, strengh etc.

A study conducted at the University of Bayreuth, in Germany, revealed the Firstbeat method to be within 7% of laboratory energy expenditure calculations. Members of the IEEE Engineering in Medical and Biology Society confirmed the Firstbeat method to be accurate within 6.7% during activities of medium- to hard- intensity measured using wrist worn optical sensor. (I checked out the study and it was up to 16% at lower intensty, but this is with wrist only, I

All DD credit goes to u/BankruptcySpeedrun

DISCLAIMER: u/BankruptcySpeedrun owns 515,000 shares of KMPH @ ~$9.50. Yes, that is ~$5 million. You can check his profile for proof and he says with full confidence that he intends to hold this position indefinitely. He only asks that you read this report in its entirety before drawing your conclusions because nothing about this company is as it seems.

---------------------------------------------------

PART I - DILUTION, DEBT, DOUBT

---------------------------------------------------

On its surface, KemPharm looks particularly depressing. A casual glance at the KMPH chart will show you their stock price seems to know only one direction. Down.

A deeper dive into their financial history doesn’t improve their outlook either. Dilution, debt, and doubt. The triple-Ds of woe that spell out doom for any company that dares to enter the biotech arena. Their earnings are dismal and their quarterly reports are depressing. Dreary forecasts and dreadful prospects detail a dismal decline of depleted reserves and desperate delusion.

In a word… dangerous.

So why would anyone invest in this company? Better yet, why would anyone spend a single moment of their valuable time researching this company when everything they need to know is right out there in the open? Had I looked at this company a few months ago I might have come to that exact conclusion...

But on March 3, 2021… everything changed.

Meet Azstarys

Azstarys is KemPharm’s latest FDA-approved medication specifically formulated for the treatment of ADHD. A once daily pill of serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate. This is undoubtably decent news but, despite the medication showing promising potential, this alone wasn’t enough to convince me to make my investment.

The first glimmer of potential that caught my eye appeared, like most things about this company, in the smallest of details. If you have ADHD as I do, you may have noticed that you’ve never heard of SERdexmethylphenidate. Dexmethylphenidate, the more active isomer of methylphenidate, is in Focalin and Focalin XR but the SER is a new development.

Looking deeper into Azstarys, I noted that SERdexmethylphenidate was described as a prodrug.

And the only other ADHD med with that designation is Vyvanse.

I was familiar with Vyvanse beca

^(Synthetic Biologics, Inc.) (USA Drug Biotech Company)

Recent developments:

• Announced enrollment has commenced and three out of a total of four cohorts have been dosed in the first Phase 1a clinical trial of SYN-020 intestinal alkaline phosphatase ("IAP") intended to support development of SYN-020 in multiple indications
• Announced enrollment has commenced and the first patient was dosed in the Phase 1b/2a clinical trial of SYN-004 (ribaxamase) in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant ("HCT") recipients
• Current cash position of approximately $76.9 million
• Received $8.0 million from the exercise of warrants
• Current cash runway provides funding into 2023 and ability to fund Phase 1b/2a clinical trial of SYN-004 as well as SYN-020 intestinal alkaline phosphatase ("IAP") through proof-of-concept

Upcoming milestones, pandemic conditions permitting:

• Topline data from the Phase 1a single-ascending-dose ("SAD") study of SYN-020 anticipated during Q3 2021
• Expect to commence second Phase 1a multiple-ascending-dose ("MAD") study of SYN-020 during Q3 2021; topline data anticipated during Q2 2022
• Topline data readout from the first antibiotic cohort of the SYN-004 Phase1b/2a clinical trial is expected during Q4 2021

"During the first quarter of 2021 we remained diligently focused on advancing our portfolio of GI and microbiome-focused clinical programs and were pleased to announce the commencement of clinical trials for our SYN-004 and SYN-020 programs," said Steven A. Shallcross, Chief Executive Officer of Synthetic Biologics. "Enrollment in the SYN-004 Phase 1b/2a clinical trial in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients is underway at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis ("Washington University") and the first patient of the first antibiotic cohort was dosed earlier this year. We believe SYN-004 has the potential to address an important and underserved patient population, and may significantly improve outcomes for allogeneic HCT recipients by preventing downstream complications often associated with disruption of the gut microbiome by intravenous ("IV") beta-lactam antibiotics. If enrollment proceeds as planned, we anticipate announcing topline data from the first antibiotic cohort during the fourth quarter of 2021, pandemic conditions permitting."

Mr. Shallcross continued, "We were also very excited to announce the initiation of a Phase 1a single-ascending-do

Yesterday was Mother's Day in the UK, and of course, my Reddit feed was filled with charming posts railing against the gall of anyone daring to celebrate their mother/being a mother because anyone "can shit out a baby" or anyone "can spread their legs" or what-have-you.

Now, I know there is a lot more to being a mother than giving birth, and there are many wonderful, incredible mothers raising children they did not give birth to. This post is not meant to imply there is anything lesser about that - we all know birth is a small fraction of a child's life, and motherhood is defined by the work you do raising the child after they're here.

However, we need to push back against this idea that just because pregnancy and childbirth are a small part of parenthood, they are thus of no value and essentially the equivalent of a shit or as simple as having sex. Men's contribution to having a child is as simple as sex. Women do the tremendous work of growing an entire human from nothing but a tiny amount of genetic material from the resources of her own body, carrying a child for 10 months, and then delivering the baby at the point where their brain size is maximally big but still compatible with a live birth.

Pregnancy is almost the metabolic equivalent of running a marathon - every day, for 40 straight weeks - and most women I know do it while still carrying the load of their normal life. No, seriously, pregnant women run at 2.2x their normal metabolic rate; for reference, the highest metabolic rate humans can handle is 2.5x and that is for short stretches^(1). Pregnancy can cause a whole host of health issues in women during and well after the partum period. Pregnancy and childbirth were the leading cause of mortality in young women for most of human history, and that number remains high today. WHO estimates from 2015 had about 300,000 women died from pregnancy-related causes in that year or 830 women per day^(2). These numbers are driven by mortality in the developing world, but the numbers remain high in the U.S. and Europe - even with modern medical advances, pregnancy and childbirth remain a risky endeavor. For a normal birth, it takes 6-8 weeks to recover post-partum and about 18 months for your body to be back to your pre-pregnancy nutritional status. Many of the health effects of pregnancy also don't show up for years or decades. For example, pregnancy increases the risk of autoimmune disease in mothers down the road, but this usually doesn't show up fo

Go post NSFW jokes somewhere else. If I can't tell my kids this joke, then it is not a DAD JOKE.

If you feel it's appropriate to share NSFW jokes with your kids, that's on you. But a real, true dad joke should work for anyone's kid.

Mods... If you exist... Please, stop this madness. Rule #6 should simply not allow NSFW or (wtf) NSFL tags. Also, remember that MINORS browse this subreddit too? Why put that in rule #6, then allow NSFW???

Please consider changing rule #6. I love this sub, but the recent influx of NSFW tagged posts that get all the upvotes, just seem wrong when there are good solid DAD jokes being overlooked because of them.

Thank you,

A Dad.

Reposting due to the beloved u/skinkerdoodle taking a moderation break and a shuffle of the staff team :)

If you have ANY questions after finishing this guide, feel free to ask below and I, or someone else experienced, will try and answer the question for you. We also have a Discord Server where you can ask questions and chat! If you're too embarrassed to post, feel free to PM me. I want this to post to be a safe space for beginners to ask questions and learn! The FAQ section may also answer some more "advanced" topics even if you're not a complete beginner.

Thinking about getting a leopard gecko? Awesome! They make great pets and owning them is a very rewarding experience. You may be scouring the web and start to think "where the heck do I start"! In this guide I'll be giving detailed advice to prepare you for your first gecko.

What to buy before you get a gecko:

This is a checklist of everything you need to buy BEFORE purchasing your gecko. It's important to set up before you get your new friend just in case some items, like the heating pad, end up not working.

THE ESSENTIALS

• Tank (20 Gallon long or equivalent terrarium/tank/tub)

20G long is the accepted standard tank for an adult. You can go bigger but you'll have to provide adequate cover and heat sources. Also that whole "baby geckos can't be in a big tank" thing is completely untrue! You are perfectly fine buying an "end game" tank for your gecko. Babies can still be kept in a 10 gallon tank (if you are currently short on space, etc), but should be moved once they're starting to grow older and larger so that they can be more comfortable. I always recommend to buy your adult tank right off the bat. You'll save more money in the long run. If you're okay waiting for awhile Petco has a 1$ per gallon sale a few times a year. It's a pretty good deal.

• Heating Source

Contrary to popular belief, leos can see most colors of light (even red). Albinos are especially sensitive to bright lights. Natural room lighting is acceptable and will not mess up their day/night cycles. Your heating pad should cover 1/3rd of your tank. You want a temperature gradient. I personally use the Zoo Med brand 30-40g size for my 20 gallon long tanks. This goes under the tank. Make sure your tank is slightly raised to provide air flow.

You can also use deep heat

“Thank you all for joining me,” the Governess announced, the golden rings through her tusks tinkling as she surveyed the room grandly. “I will confess, while I had invited you all here this evening to enjoy your company, I also thought it a grand opportunity to unveil a new product. One imported – at great cost – all the way from the latest addition to our fair Imperium.”

Earth then, Jason concluded.

Unless the Shil’vati had conquered another world in the time he’d been stuck out here. Which, while he wouldn’t put it past them to try, was unlikely in the extreme. While it looked like the aliens had just swept out of nowhere and started bombing the shit out of everything, even a casual look at the data-net showed that the invasion of Earth was the result of years of planning on the part of the Imperium. Years spent researching targets for bombardment, targets for preservation, and most importantly, planning out how to handle the transition of power.

He felt a slight jab in his side, Hela looking at him expectantly as the governess gestured for nearby servants to sweep away the sheets.

They did, revealing stacks upon stacks of honey. All contained in very fancy looking glass jars.

Honey? he thought incredulously.

Sure, it was strange and exotic, but he’d honestly been hoping for something a bit more exciting. Like… well to be honest, he couldn’t really think of anything aside from food and… men that Earth could offer the Imperium. At least in its current state. Still, it was kind of disappointing.

You wouldn’t know that from the way the crowd around him clapped.

“Yes,” the governess shouted excitedly. “The Government of Gurathu has managed to acquire an import license for what we are calling ‘sweet gold’.”

Her words received more polite clapping, even as Jason wondered what was wrong with just calling it by its actual name.

Honey.

The governess continued. “I have been assured that this product will also be a hit with a vast majority of my constituents.”

As she spoke, she lifted a glass, on the label of which Jason could see a fairly comical depiction of a bear. Almost instantly, all eyes in the room pivoted over to Kelu, who took the stares with casual disinterest, even as a number of chuckles broke out.

“An amusing comparison, Lady Governess,” Kelu said simply. “I can safely say that I at least, am personally interested in partaking of this novel new concoction.”

The governess continued to chuckle at her joke, but made no more comments on

I was searching up when a good time to eat dinner would be, as my meal is pretty much always the last activity I do before my nighttime routine (i.e. about an hour before bed). In addition to discovering that leaving a 2-4 hour gap between bedtime and the last meal is recommended for digestion/melatonin release, I found a REALLY interesting study!

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/oby.20460

Long sorry short, a ground of 93 overweight/obese middle-aged women with metabolic syndrome were randomly split into two groups for a 1400 kcal weight loss diet, a breakfast group and a dinner group. The former ate their biggest meal in the morning with smaller meals throughout the rest of the day, while the latter had the opposite pattern.

The breakfast group experienced significantly more success than the dinner group, even though the nutritional content + overall caloric intake of the groups were the same. You can check out the changes in blood pressure, waist circumference, and more within Table 2 of the paper — most notably, the BF group saw an 11% decrease in weight over 12 weeks while the dinner group saw only a 4% decrease. They also had lower drop-out rates from the study.

Big ideas of the study, taken from the paper's conclusion:

"Our findings demonstrate that the same caloric intake throughout the day for a period of 12 weeks leads to a different final body weight and glycemic response. This concept is novel, as dietary interventions nowadays take into account only total daily energy intake rather than the timing of food consumption."

"our results demonstrate that high‐calorie breakfast shows increased compliance and is more beneficial than high‐calorie dinner for weight loss, insulin sensitivity, and hunger suppression."

I really hope this starts a good discussion — I found these results compelling, particularly because the research seemed to put in quite a bit of effort to consider potential obstructions! It seems to contrast the idea that meal timing doesn't matter unless you're an athlete...

EDIT: I've looked into it a bit more to see if there's any other studies supporting the importance of meal timing!

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499064/?report=reader — a study on nocturnal mice found that those who were fed during the day (equivalent to late night snacking/dinners in humans) gained far more weight than mice fed the same diet/quantity during the night (big breakfast/lunch). Obviously an animal study that d

Martin Freeman, and Andy Serkis.

They also play roles in Lord of the Rings.

I guess that makes them the Tolkien white guys.

Anyone who has been in the PEDs or Sarms world has at some point come across Cardarine, or GW501516. The general sentiment is that it causes cancer and is a compound that should not be touched or worth taking.

I will be evaluating the 3 studies on different animals, including the lesser known studies of humans and obese monkeys. Note, I am not proliferating the use or encouragement of this compound, I am simply here to explain the facts and give deeper insight as to what Cardarine is.

Mechanism of action - Cardarine suppresses the glucose metabolism in the liver. Meaning, it helps the liver switch from using glucose as energy to fatty acids.

Cardarine has been long associated with the clinical trials on mice and wistar rats. In these studies, both mice and rats were put on the compound for 2/3 of their lives, which is roughly 3 years. The dosage for rats and mice was the equivalent of 40mg a day for a 200lb human. Imagine taking 40mg of cardarine every day for 50 years, obviously there would be some downsides. Wistar rats are also genetically predisposed to having cancer. A benefit to both the mice and rats was a huge increase in endurance.

Obese monkey trials: Obese rhesus monkeys, who have a metabolic pattern similar to those in humans who have metabolic syndrome, were administered cardarine and no cancer was detected. There was a significant increase HDL (good cholesterol) and many other lipids were improved.

Human trials: little known to a lot of people, human trials were actually conducted with cardarine. Many different dosages and placebos were administered but the results remained consistent. Cardarine did not cause any cancer in any of the trials besides the skewed rat and mice studies. There were only positives in lipids, endurance, and weight loss.

Now we are all left with the question, why would a company invest millions of dollars into a compound just to drop it because of one study?

In my opinion, cardarine is a compound that scared big pharma. A magic pill that improves endurance, HDL, weight loss, and general healthiness would take millions of people off the weight loss products and medications that are being administered today.

Look at it like this, if we magically found a cure for cancer, I doubt it would be released to the public. It’s sad, but the cancer cure treatment industry is large, and makes a lot, A LOT A LOT of money.

Another theory I have is that Glaxo, the company that ran the studies on mice and rats, didn’

Hi all. A year later I'm back. I think I almost died last weekend. My girlfriend of over a year is coming with friends and a truck in the morning. I'm 30 hours sober by my calculations.

Here is the timeline. It seems that I may have had a BAC well over .50 on sunday night and monday night. So how was I functioning, calling people, typing, writing texts, etc? Shouldn't I be dead? I remember almost none of it.

My mom said at one point my breathing was super slow and I wasn't responding. Of course, I wasn't wearing my fitbit. Dammit. At another point I felt pains in my chest, but I thought it was a panic attack.

Did I get super lucky? Did my high alcohol metabolism save me?

Day	Time	equivalent std units	Type	        Running total
Sat	5:00 PM	               7.2	6 Lagunitas	7.2
Sun	1:00 AM	             	12	12 bud light	19.2
Sun	1:00 PM		       6.7	2 limaritas	25.9
Sun	1:00 PM		        12	12 pbr	        37.9
Mon	5:00 PM	                12	12 selters   	49.9
Tue	1:00 PM               	 9	9 pbr	        58.9
Wed	5:00 AM	                 1	1 pbr	        59.9
Wed	7:00 AM	                 1	1 pbr	        60.9
Thu	1:00 AM	                 4	2 clubtails	64.9
Thu	4:00 PM	                 0		
Friday	10:00 PM	         0		
				
Total	96 hours	      64.9		

I've used a lot of calculators, to figure out what happened, but I like the way the lincoln university spreadsheet breaks out the formula: BAC = (4.146149) * [(Q*P)/(W*TBW)] -B(T)

Where

• Q is quantity in FL oz
• P is Percentage %
• W is weight in lbs
• T is time in hrs
• TBW is total body water of males (.58) or females (.49)
• And B is metabolic rate in g/100 ml or g/210 L per hour
• B = 0.012 for light drinkers, 0.017 for moderate, and .02 for heavy drinkers.

I'm 150lbs and a pretty heavy drinker, though over the last year it's been in moderation (for ME that is), of usually "only" getting to about .12-18 three or four days in a row and then taking a week off. Prior to that, I drank to at least .18 seven days a week for about 20 years minus one 7 months period off and one dry january. So I would put that B value pretty high.

I have no cravings as of thursday evening. (I've quit cold turkey a number of times after a short taper method from here)

We'll start with today. But I'm choosing not to drink for probably ever. This was too close.

[img]https://i.imgur.com/05EO2zr.jpg [Merry Morphinans: Tetracycles in Tiaras]

DuchessVonD (u/jtjdp) Presents:

Dextro Meets Levo: The Racemate Handshake

To my morphinan cousins of the Dextrorotatory Persuasion:

As many of you are aware, DXM and its fellow dextro-(-) congeners in the tetracyclic morphinan series are the non-narcotic mirror-image isomers of a series of some very fascinating but mostly unexplored opioids.

The N-aralkyl (2-furyl and 2-thienyl) morphinans are technically legal and unregulated according to the UN Convention on Psychotropics. The high-yielding synthesis that I present in this monograph involves legal intermediates, and precursors. This has many advantages included greater yield and does not involve the controlled intermediates (i.e. N-norlevorphanol) commonly encountered in the dated morphinan literature. The starting precursor, a 1-benzyl-OHIQ, known in the industry as octabase, is available as the d,l-racemate and as individual dextro-(+)- and levo-(-)- enantiomers. As it is the commercial starting material for industrial DXM manufacture, octabase is readily available and very affordable.

The investigation into these obscure (and often legal) little-explored corners of the opioverse is my favorite hobby. In fact, while I was being a breaking baddie (and a batshitty bitty), I did so commercially. I still enjoy dwelling and exploring the far corners of the obscure world of exotic psychoactive analogues. I’ve given the opioidergic-members of this cult, a quaint title: the Cryptopioids

I typically post my alchemical musings on opioid specific forums. But I believe that our shared passion for morphinanity reaches out through the mirror of stereoinversion and unites us in a racemic dance(mix) of merry morphi-men and women.

Join me for the introductory episode of:

The Flaming Spoon, Vol. 1: Morphinans & A Crazy Bisch

Tetracycles in Tiaras

NMDA-Antags With Attitude

The predominating theme in the morphinans (i.e. DXM/levorphanol) and the 4,5-epoxymorphinans (l-Morphine/d-morphine = frankenphine; d-Thebaine = aka: Frakenbaine) is that the opioid activity resides in the levo-(-)-enantiomer, while the non-opioid effects—including NMDA-antagonism, antitussive—are mediated thru the dextro-(+). As we will find out, esp in the N-methyl derivs like levorphanol, DXM, and dextrorphan, there is a good deal of stereo-crossover in the area of NMDA-antagonism. We wil

In other words, if a person has high tolerance, does that mean that they handle their alcohol level better or that their alcohol level is lower?

Along the same lines, does drinking alcohol more often increase the efficiency with which you metabolize alcohol, or does it just make you less prone to its effects?

DISCLAIMER: I own 515,000 shares of KMPH @ ~$9.50. Yes, that is ~$5 million. You can check my profile for proof and I say with full confidence that I intend to hold this position indefinitely. I only ask that you read this report in its entirety before drawing your conclusions because nothing about this company is as it seems.

---------------------------------------------------

PART I - DILUTION, DEBT, DOUBT

---------------------------------------------------

On its surface, KemPharm looks particularly depressing. A casual glance at the KMPH chart will show you their stock price seems to know only one direction. Down.

A deeper dive into their financial history doesn’t improve their outlook either. Dilution, debt, and doubt. The triple-Ds of woe that spell out doom for any company that dares to enter the biotech arena. Their earnings are dismal and their quarterly reports are depressing. Dreary forecasts and dreadful prospects detail a dismal decline of depleted reserves and desperate delusion.

In a word… dangerous.

So why would anyone invest in this company? Better yet, why would anyone spend a single moment of their valuable time researching this company when everything they need to know is right out there in the open? Had I looked at this company a few months ago I might have come to that exact conclusion...

But on March 3, 2021… everything changed.

Meet Azstarys

Azstarys is KemPharm’s latest FDA-approved medication specifically formulated for the treatment of ADHD. A once daily pill of serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate. This is undoubtably decent news but, despite the medication showing promising potential, this alone wasn’t enough to convince me to make my investment.

The first glimmer of potential that caught my eye appeared, like most things about this company, in the smallest of details. If you have ADHD as I do, you may have noticed that you’ve never heard of SERdexmethylphenidate. Dexmethylphenidate, the more active isomer of methylphenidate, is in Focalin and Focalin XR but the SER is a new development.

Looking deeper into Azstarys, I noted that SERdexmethylphenidate was described as a prodrug.

And the only other ADHD med with that designation is Vyvanse.

I was familiar with Vyvanse because it was my prescription prior to Focalin XR. But I wasn’t familiar of why it was called a prodrug so I decided to dig a little deeper.

…and deeper…

…and deeper…

…and dee