I know some words ("often", for example) get pronounced to line up to their spelling, but I am more interested in grammar/pacing, if that makes sense.
What are the phrases and clauses on the following sentences?
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By the rules and regulations of the school, the students are expected to follow them.
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Minding one's work can lead one to have a good relationship with other families.
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Having answered my test in General Mathematics, I went to my mommy's house in other village of the city where my nephews live.
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The wood in the rainforest being cut down by the illegal loggers is sold in the marketplace at a high price.
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The men from the institution are known as the smartest ones in Literature since they ranked first in the National Competition in Thailand.
Iβve been trying to understand the μμ§ clause but i just CANNOT understand how to use it/recognize it. what do i do in this situationβ¦.?
Whenever I have a difficulty with Welsh it's always to do with whether to use y or a and whether a pronoun is needed before a verb or verb-noun, either bound to a or ei / eu before a verb-noun (often it can't be fy, dy, ein, eich).
This links in with subjects and objects and the whole sy, mae, maen, yw, oedd, roedd, fydd, ydyn, nad ydynt horror. I've written several articles on these things (see our grammar wiki) and they're still giving me trouble.
These things are often less strict in less formal language where y, a, ei, eu are often omitted and words are soft-mutated where they would not be in more formal patterns.
These patterns also closely linked to the topic of emphasised sentences. I'm planning to write something on these as it's a feature of Welsh that I like but it is complicated as patterns change depending on verb forms and what is being emphasised.
The summary for whether to use y or a for relative clause goes like this
>Subjects of long-form verbs and subjects/objects of short-form verbs use a, all others use y. The exception is subjects of long-form verbs in the present tense, which use sy instead of a.
This is fine as far as it goes. My problem is sometimes determining when things are not direct objects, but indirect objects or something else, and so require y rather than a.
Recently I was thinking about how this works with verb formations that use gwneud as an auxiliary and ones that use hoffi, gallu, medru in short form as helpers and I became less sure about this.
First with subjects:
These all use 3rd person singular verb forms.
>Dyma'r athro sy'n dysgu Cymraeg. - This is the teacher who teaches Welsh.
>
>Dyna'r plant (a) fydd yn canu. - Those are the children who will sing.
>
>Dyma'r bachgen a dorodd y ffenestr. - This is the the boy who broke the window.
>
>Dyma'r ferch a wnaeth gacen. - This is the girl who made a cake (Notice, unusually, the subject precedes the 3rd person form of gwneud and the object soft-mutates, as usual)
What about these?
>Dyma'r dyn yw'r gorau. - This is the man who is the best. [I think one can say this?!]
>
>Dyma'r rhai fyddai'r gorau. - These are the ones that would be best.
These are "cypladol" forms as they involve definite predicates and don't use a, I think.
I have seen sydd orau - to be best. I think orau is an adverb here and hence the mutation.
Now with objects:
>*Ydy h
... keep reading on reddit β‘There are a lot of things to consider when youβre looking at sentence structure. One of the main considerations is to ensure that clauses are properly joined.
A clause contains both a subject and a verb. A sentence might contain just one clause, or it might have several. When there are several, they have to be connected in a valid way. For the SAT, you need to know about four valid ways to connect clauses. They are:
- A coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
- A subordinating conjunction, such as because, unless, although, when, before, and many others
- A relative pronoun, such as which, that, or who
- A valid punctuation mark, such as a semicolon, a colon, or a dash. But not a comma!
Todayβs drill comes from page 106 in the StudyLark book. The best way to approach it is to first identify all the subject-verb pairs in the sentence, and then to find the βconnectors.β Determine whether everything is connected up properly, and that will tell you whether the sentence is correct or not. Post your answers and reasoning below, and Iβll provide the correct answers in a few hours. Enjoy!
https://preview.redd.it/1dgqf504uxg71.jpg?width=3024&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=b37f9d416ae56b12d5d939f11566dfedcf82a9fc
We talked about noun clauses recently. It's come to my attention that I don't think we've talked about how this works for indefinite nouns.
I think a form of bod without pronouns is used. Mutation occurs after simple verbs to bod.
Mae plant yn yr ardd -> Dw i'n gweld bod plant yn yr ardd. I see there are children in the garden
Oedd Roedd plant yn yr ardd -> Oedd Roedd hi'n gweld bod plant yn yr ardd. She saw that there were children in the garden
Ro'n i ddim yn gwybod bod cymaint o ynysoedd yng Nghymru. I didn't know that there were so many islands in Wales.
Clywais i fod llawer o bobl yna. I heard that there many people there
Gwelais i na fyddai digon o ddiod i bawb. I saw that there would not be enough drink for everbody.
Dwedon nhw y byddai digon o fwyd i bawb. They said that there would be enough food for everybody.
Welaist ti fod merch wedi syrthio? Did you see that a girl had fallen?
Does this work with i? i.e.
Dwedodd e wrtha i i ferch weiddi. He told me that a girl screamed.
What is the form for the compound past tense (e.g. buodd yn) generally in noun clauses? Is it the same as for the preterite?
Buodd rhywun yn siopa ddoe -> (Someone shopped yesterday)
Buodd rhywun yn byw yno am amser maith -> (Someone lived there for a long time)
can it only be
Dwedodd hi fod rhywun wedi siopa ddoe She said (that) someone shopped yesterday.
Dwedoch chi fod rhywun wedi byw yno am amser maith. You said that someone (had) lived there for a long time.
or also
Dwedodd hi i rywun siopa ddoe.
Dwedoch chi i rywun fyw yno am amser maith.
?
I-clauses using the preposition i are used in verbal and adjectival expressions and with other prepositions.
They are a form of noun ("that") clause. These clauses are widely used in Welsh so it is important to get a feel for this pattern.
They are used in phrases like:
(Key: rn = rywun, rb = rywbeth, rhb = rhywbeth, sby = somebody, sth = something)
>gwneud i rn / rb wneud rhb - to make sby / sth do sth
>
>eisiau i rn / rb wneud rhb - to want sby / sth to do sth
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>angen i rn / rb wneud rhb - to need sby / sth to do sth
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>gofyn i rn / rb wneud rhb - to ask sby / sth to do sth
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>aros i rn / rb wneud rhb - to wait for sby / sth to do sth
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>bod yn hapus i rn / rb wneud rhb - to be happy for sby / sth to do sth
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>caniatΓ‘u i rn / rb wneud rhb - to allow sby / sth to do sth
>
>bod yn anodd i rn / rb wneud rhb - to be difficult for sby / sth to do sth
>
>bod yn fodlon i rn / rb wneud rhb - to be willing for sby / sth to do sth
>
>bod yn ddiolchgar i rn / rb wneud rhb - to be grateful to / for sby / sth (for) doing sth
>
>bod rhaid i rn / rb wneud rhb - to be needed / required that sby / sth do sth
The pattern for i-clauses is:
>i (preposition) + noun complement (logical subject) + soft mutation + verbnoun
The i-clause itself, as a whole, may be an object in a sentence
If an indefinite subject is used in the i-clause it will mutate after i as usual.
>Mae e eisiau i bobl wybod. He wants people to know.
If the complement in the i-clause is a pronoun, the preposition i must be inflected.
>Mae hi'n gwneud iddo fe deimlo yn hapus. She makes him feel happy.
>
>Gofynodd e iddyn nhw ddod i'r parti. He asked them to come to the party.
Sometimes the mutation of the second verbnoun depends on an object it acts on.
>Fe wnaethon ni ganiatΓ‘u i'r plant eu prynu nhw. We allowed the children to buy them.
Here are more examples:
>Mae hi'n anodd iddyn nhw aros gartref tryw'r dydd. It's difficult for them to stay at home all day.
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>Dw i'n fodlon i ti gymryd fy lle i. I am willing for you to take my place.
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>Roedden ni'n ddiolchgar i chi warchod y plant. We were grateful that you looked after the children.
>
>Mae rhaid i ti orffen y gwaith - You need to finish the work.
>
