Basically the title. Is it because of the Celts or not? I've always found it very curious but never actually known enough about it.
Hi! This text is on the back of a photo my great grandmother (born 1900) had. For context, she and my grandfather came from Galicia, Eastern Europe just before WWII and I've been told they spoke Ukrainian, Polish and German. I've tried to understand what language is it, but the calligraphy is unknown to me. Thank you everyone!
https://preview.redd.it/d1q09akiash51.jpg?width=1280&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=349028b8094e2a2617de835e90649a25fe0ec475
https://preview.redd.it/ie3chrzzm5081.jpg?width=800&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=ec35b08a5325b066db8491920cf118f79126c1fe
It's the end of the 10th Century in the Kingdom of Galicia, in the north western corner of the Iberian Peninsula. Astorga falls into the hands of Al-Mansur and his Moorish army, who prepare to burn and loot the Jacobean lands. Danger comes also by sea, as a great Viking fleet aproaches from the Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, the Irian Miter of Sisnando the II prepares for an eventual attack, and asks for the aid of his old rival: the bishop Rosendo of Celanova.
There are 3 factions: the Vikings, the Kingdom of Galicia (6 allied provinces, 1 convertible), and Al-Mansur's Moors:
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Blue (Vikings): Vikings (Team 1 - Vikings)- Atlantic Ocean
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Red (Goths): Irians (Team 2 - Kingdom of Galicia) - Iria Flavia
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Green (Goths): Luceans (Team 2 - Kingdom of Galicia) - Lugo
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Yellow (Saracens): Moors (Team 3 - Moors) - Astorga
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Cyan (Britons): Britons (Team 2 - Kingdom of Galicia) - BretoΓ±a (burnt down), MondoΓ±edo
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Purple (Celts): Brigantines (Team 2 - Kindom of Galicia) - Betanzos
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Grey (Goths): Tudeans (Team 2 - Kingdom of Galicia) - Tui
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Orange (Goths): Dumians (Team 2 - Kingdom of Galicia) - Celanova
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White (Spanish): Asturicans (No team - Gaia - convertible) - Astorga
Astorga has fallen to Al-Mansur, and the Asturicans are unprotected. Help them and they'll join your army.
You can try out the Scenario if you wish so :) Honest feedback would be appreciated.
This is a broad topic because there are a lot of interlocking questions and topics I am interested in, across a 3000 year(!) span. If someone has an excellent book on like 1400 - 1700, please suggest it! I do not expect anyone to have recommendations on all of these questions, nor am I looking for an answer here on Askhistorians--only reading suggestions for further self-education :)
I would be happy if posters suggest books which touch on one or multiple of the following questions about Central/Eastern Europe: (chronological list)
- What was the subsistence lifestyle like in pre-historical (c. 1000 BCE - 1000 CE), trans-Roman Europe (East of Rhine, North of Danube/Black Sea/Caucuses). What was the prevalence of settled agriculture vs. pastoralism vs. other forms of subsistence? Were there towns? How common were they? Do we know anything about governance prior to 1000 CE or so? Did their crops originate in the Near East, or elsewhere?
- I was given a very specific story of the Goths in my university courses: that they were from the Baltic, migrated south to the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, became the dominant force there (uniquely the only non-nomads to do so), and then were driven West by the Huns and underwent a series of ethnogeneses and evolutions in the Roman world which created the Visigothic and Ostrogothic peoples, who bear only limited resemblance to the Goths. What is the evidence for the story prior to the Hunnic arrival? Were they truly the only non-pastoralists to conquer the western steppe? If so, do we know how?
- How did ""states"" come to be in Central and Eastern Europe? To what extent was it indigenous, and to what extent was it imported from Western and Southern Europe? Chris Wickham cites Polish state-building as a response to slaving from German and Byzantine states, as well as the importation of Christianity as being a major tool for monarchs to consolidate power. What are the contemporary historiographical debates on this topic? I'm sure the term "state" (and its even uglier sibling, "civilization") are deeply contested here, so are there other frameworks to describe what, say, Kievan Rus or Poland was in 1200 CE that it was not in 700?
- What were the ethnic and political effects of steppe nomads on Central and Eastern Europe, especially besides the famous Hungarian and Mongolian examples?
- Was there lower population density relative to cultivatable land in Central/Eastern Europe than Western Europe by the "High Middle Ages"? Is s
Hi,
So the subject of the Polish state was discussed on another subreddit but this one is larger and wanted to check if you guys have some different ideas/opinions. This is a ctrl+c/ctrl+v:
"I would love a better representation of the 1830 and 1863 uprisings. First of all, Poland was still technically a country, it was in a personal union with the Russian empire, the Austrian part of Poland was a Habsburg crownland: Kingdom of Galicia and Lodmeria, and Prussian part was Duchy of Posen. For example, the first viceroy, Prince Constantin, brother of Tsar Nikolay I, was heavily Polonized, he even married a polish noble, cos of his Prussian regime he created a heavily disciplined army that won a few battles against Russians during the 1830 uprising. The cause of the rebellion was the Russian tsars' failure to comply with the Polish constitution. The next uprising was more of a guerilla fighting than line battles. Another thing is that in 1863 the national government proclaimed the commonwealth of three nations, every pole, Lithuanian and ruthenian were promised the same laws. Even other major powers like UK, France, Austria, Prussia, Sweden were somewhat favorable to the Polish cause. The UK even send volunteers and guns but Sweden was forced to intern them cos of the Russian baltic navy. Austria came up with an idea to install a Habsburg prince on the polish throne. France, Napoleon III send a personal letter to Alexander II to abide by the polish constitution of 1815. Otto von Bismarck abandoned the Alvensleben convention. Later, The UK, France, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and even the Ottomans send diplomatic notes to Russia. The French-British-Austrian coalition even send an ultimatum stating that the Kingdom of Poland should have: amnesty, national representation, Polish administration, judiciary and education, religious freedom, and a lawful system of conscription to the army. They wanted to create an international congress of the signatories of the Vienna Agreement. Polish national government wanted to include the rest of PLC in these postulates. The Polish-Russian War of 1863 even influenced the US Civil War. The union supported the "liberal" Russia and cut diplomatic ties with UK and France cos they might have intervened in the CW. The Russian navy even moved from the baltic sea to the ports in NY and SF to hide from the possible baltic blockade and threaten the British trade routes. Polish Lobby in the UK even bou
... keep reading on reddit β‘
Hi! Iβm Zeeloat, one of the Concept Artists of DoD FanFork, and I am proud to present you our biggest rework project yet!
[New Eastern Europe] (https://i.imgur.com/TOpMEb6.png)
The biggest change in version 0.1 will be Eastern Europe. DoD has always been quite strange in some areas and Eastern Europe was basically 1444 but in 1821 with a strong Commonwealth, Soviet province borders, Russia divided between Novgorod and Muscovy, while Tatars still kick around only to be killed by a Russia that appears to be just OTLβs Russian Empire. I don't even want to mention how badly the Commonwealth was coded. So we changed it all. This DD is to explain the big changes in general, so we wonβt dive deep into each tag - you may have some other DDs on particular areas later.
First, the Commonwealth : Still a mess with substates, but the code has been updated to ensure that these substates are integrated or independent after some event chains or dismantlement. PLC controls directly the lands of Poland, Galicia, Volhynia and a part of Malorussia. Meanwhile, the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania still rules over Lithuania and most of OTL Belarus. The Princedom of Smolensk is another part of the PLC which is ruled in Personal Union following the attempt by the Polish Kings to invade Central Russia in these TL Troubles. In Prussia, the duchy is still a puppet of Warsaw while Danzig got some privileges following the German Wars. On the south-eastern border, Kiev is a konfederacya state, the Uman confedaracy that rebelled during the German Wars to gain some autonomy but still nominally recognizes the King in Warsaw. In the East, the Dnieper and Zaporozhie Cossack hosts βguardβ the Crimean border.
βRussiaβ was never united since the defeat of the Muscovy princes in the XVth century, with the princedoms having to tackle dynastic feuds, Tatar raids and boyar ascendency. In 1836, the old Princedom of Muscovy is divided between 4 (5 counting the soon to be independent Smolensk) Princedoms : the Lyapunovs of Moscow are tied to the PLC, with the Prince married to a Habsburg princess; the Repnins in Ryazan have to bow to the powerful aristocratic Duma; the Belskys in Yaroslavl are the most autocratic state while Nizhny Novgorod was carved out at the end of the German Wars in th
... keep reading on reddit β‘
It all started after we got back from a family trip around Eastern Europe.
We have family in some of the countries, but my mother and father really love the history and architecture of the region.
Everything went normally during the trip. We ate good food, saw cool sights, and spent time with distant relatives. I acted like I wanted to go home the whole time, but truth be told, I had fun.
My younger sister turned 14 on the trip. We had a big party for her. She was really into make-up and stuff, so my parents got her a bunch of foreign brands that are popular, I guess.
As far as I know, it only started once we got back home. My sister started complaining about an itch. She said there was a weird tickling sensation constantly on her back. Sheβd always ask anyone (and I mean anyone, even strangers) around to scratch it for her, but was never satisfied. It was as though we just couldnβt get the right spot. It seemed very frustrating for her.
My mother thought it may be a rash, or an adverse reaction to some of the products she got for her birthday. She saw the doctor, who said there was no sign of any problem with the skin, aside from irritation where sheβd obviously been trying to scratch it herself with various objects.
She went to see specialists. First a dermatologist, then an immunologist, even naturopaths. My sister, and the rest of us at that point, were getting desperate.
About two months after weβd returned, it went from an itch, to an obsession.
She was always scratching, all over her body. She said she could feel the tickle underneath the skin. As if βthousands of tiny bugs were crawling around her insides,β as she would put it.
The closest thing we got to an answer was from a neurologist. He said that there could be problems with her nerves backfiring like crazy. He told us that there were certain medications she could be put on, but theyβd have serious, and adverse effects. My parents were understandably hesitant, but she was in agony. We all agreed as a family, we had no other option.
I watched her, getting worse with every day. The medication barely helped, and it left her in a severe mental fog. She had a hard time communicating and paying attention. The only thing she could do properly was scratch her skin.
As her brother, watching her go through this was heartbreaking. I was helpless. I was supposed to look out for her, to defend her and take care of her. I was at my wits end trying to think of what the hell I
... keep reading on reddit β‘
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