Hypothalamus signals to release ADH, for example. Posterior hypophysis then secretes ADH (which hypothalamus actually made) into bloodstream to reach kidneys which increase reabsorption of water. Is ADH the direct hormone then?
Hi! 26f who just got brain mri results back. Does these mean a tumor or cyst ? Thank you!
Will upload images of the disk after receiving them. I can’t find anything on the internet on what this means, but I just received an MRI of my pituitary gland and the radiologist said I’m missing the posterior pituitary bright spot. If anyone knows or could explain this phenomena to me I’d be happy to learn.
It seems nearly everything is synthesized in the hypothalamus then secreted by the ant or post pituitary. (Except the corticoids [adrenal cortex] & catecholamines [adrenal medulla], which are both produced and secreted in the same location.)
Is this correct? Am I missing anything?
Please let me know if I have this right, or correct me if not!
Anterior
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH
Secretes and releases its own hormones.
Has 'releasing hormones' which stimulates the secretion of its own hormones. Ex. Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates secretion of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Posterior
Oxytocin and ADH
Hypothalamus senses change in homeostasis and synthesizes hormones.
Said hormones are transmitted to the posterior pituitary where they are secreted.
Also, does the hypothalamus act as the processing center for sensing change in the environment for both the posterior and anterior pituitary or only the posterior?
Is there an advantage to this? Is it just a product of embryological development?
Hi Guys,
Just wanted to check to make sure my understanding of osmoregulation in relation to the kidney and the RAAS system, along with corresponding hormones is correct before I test this week. As far as I understand it, it goes like this:
Blood is filtered via glomerular filtration, and the filtrate moves into bowman's capsule. From here, the filtrate moves into the proximal convoluted tube, where ions (particularly Na+ and Cl-), are reabsorbed into the blood. Next, the filtrate moves into the descending loop of henle, where water is reabsorbed passively (because this part of the nephron is highly salty, letting water easily flow out through the membrane). Next, in the ascending loop of henle, Na+ is actively reabsorbed and Cl- is passively reabsorbed into the body.
The distal convoluted tube is where it gets interesting. Like the proximal convoluted tube, there is ion reabsorption at this stage. However, this tube crosses in close contact with the afferent vessel heading toward the glomerulus, where here it senses blood osmolarity. In response to low blood osmolarity (that is, too much Na+ contained in the filtrate, sensed by macula densa cells lining the juxtaglomerular complex), prostaglandins are sent to signal the release of renin into the bloodstream. Renin then cleaves Angiotensinogen to form Angiotensin I, which interacts with ACE (mostly in the lungs, but also elsewhere), to form Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II works to make increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction and also stimulates the release of Aldosterone (from adrenal gland) and ADH (from the posterior pituitary). Aldosterone facilitates the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney (increasing blood osmolarity, and causing higher excretion of potassium), while ADH stimulates greater water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubes on the kidney. Both of these hormes also correspond to an increase in blood pressure.
So, TLDR, the RAAS system is sensing a decrease in blood osmolarity, which gets interpreted as low blood pressure, which then begins a system to get blood pressure back up.
Please pick me apart on details!!! Thank you for reading all of this
Hey all.
I just started my third semester (OMS-II) on Tuesday, which is also when I started prepping for Step 1 (scheduled towards the end of May).
Along with staying on top of a premade class lecture Anki deck (to at least pass my school blocks), I am also using:
- UW for practice questions
- FA reading and Anking
- Pathoma videos and Anking
- AMBOSS for confusing topics
- Sketchy Anking
That all being said, I am trying to match our current school block with my outside resources, but I am running out of questions on UW. For example, we are covering endocrinology; Tuesday-Thursday (today), we have covered pituitary (anterior and posterior), thyroid, and parathyroid. I have already finished all of those questions on UW, and I don't want to repeat the ones I missed so soon.
How can I continue to do at least 40 questions/day to reach my goal of 4-5k practice questions by my Step 1 date? Do I just do random questions that I have not studied for at all? Do I need to be reading more FA or Pathoma in order to do more UW questions (which I don't know how I would have time on top of in-class stuff just to pass)?
How do I adequately keep up with relevant UW questions without running out?
Hi all!
I'm a 20YOF with a new dx of FND and with other dx of Hemiplegic Migraine (and migraines in general, ugh!), concussions, Asthma, Insulin Resistance (blood sugar has always been fine; no meds for blood sugar), PCOS, IBS, and Precocious Puberty.
I forget at what exact age this started, most likely in my tweens, I started to hear this squeaking/leaking sound running through the back of my neck, usually when I was sitting up or laying down. Paired with that, the back of my throat would feel weird and a very thick saliva would form in the back of my throat. I haven't noticed any specific taste, only that the saliva is thick. There is no pain associated with this in my neck, head, or back, besides my usual headaches or migraines. Besides the fact I'm usually laying down or sitting up when this happens, I can't find anything else that may provoke it. I still have this problem now and while I suspect this is just csf, I'm curious about the saliva and runny nose I get sometimes. I have gotten MRIs done and they note a slight issue with my posterior pituitary bright spot, saying it "...appears irregular, and there appears to be thickening and slight increase in signal intensity within the pituitary stalk caudally." But that's it.
Is this normal or should I schedule a more urgent appointment with my neurologist? Thank you so much!
I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.
Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.
Hi everyone! I was recently diagnosed with hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism. I had my MRI a few days ago because my prolactin was in the 60's and my endo wanted to double check to see if I have a prolactinoma. My results came back, but I don't see my endo for another month.
The impression was: Slight heterogenous enhancement of the pituitary gland without distinct focal lesion to suggest microadenoma. T1 hyperintensity at the posterior aspect pituitary gland.
It sounds like I don't have one or if I did have an adenoma, then it's too small to even see. Any feedback would help. Thank you! :)
The nurse asked the rabbit, “what is your blood type?”
“I am probably a type O” said the rabbit.
The doctor says it terminal.
Alot of great jokes get posted here! However just because you have a joke, doesn't mean it's a dad joke.
THIS IS NOT ABOUT NSFW, THIS IS ABOUT LONG JOKES, BLONDE JOKES, SEXUAL JOKES, KNOCK KNOCK JOKES, POLITICAL JOKES, ETC BEING POSTED IN A DAD JOKE SUB
Try telling these sexual jokes that get posted here, to your kid and see how your spouse likes it.. if that goes well, Try telling one of your friends kid about your sex life being like Coca cola, first it was normal, than light and now zero , and see if the parents are OK with you telling their kid the "dad joke"
I'm not even referencing the NSFW, I'm saying Dad jokes are corny, and sometimes painful, not sexual
So check out r/jokes for all types of jokes
r/unclejokes for dirty jokes
r/3amjokes for real weird and alot of OC
r/cleandadjokes If your really sick of seeing not dad jokes in r/dadjokes
Punchline !
Edit: this is not a post about NSFW , This is about jokes, knock knock jokes, blonde jokes, political jokes etc being posted in a dad joke sub
Edit 2: don't touch the thermostat
Do your worst!
How the hell am I suppose to know when it’s raining in Sweden?
#3 year update
This is my update after 3 years of medical transition and FFS. I’m mid to late 30s, and I’m a doctor.
The very personal part of this update is going to be brief, because I feel I can’t offer anything super unique there. It’s been a struggle to fit transition related tasks around family/professional life, but I somehow did it. My partner and I are still together and making plans for the near, medium, and distant future. It all feels very settled. I still have bad days, but I’m post-FFS and all my facial hair is gone so I’m just kind of being myself these days.
What I can offer you is my unique perspective as a doctor going through this process. I can also give you some of the fruits of my personal research and opinions on how to optimize a transition. So here are my thoughts, in no particular order:
##Hormones I think there is something to starting slow. I started with sublingual, 2 then 4 mg, then transitioned to EV 20mg/ml at 0.5 ml/week for a total of 10mg/week. Results with fat redistribution have been good. I had big mood swings early on, but it’s levelled out. I like the convenience of not having to let a pill dissolve under my tongue as well.
I know there is some controversy about hormone cycling in the community. I have done this by doing half an injection one week and 1.5x an injection the next, followed by two weeks of regular injection, and I did feel more breast sensitivity at points. There are no studies around cycling HRT in trans women or trans men that I can find, but the fact is, receptor downregulation happens. Almost every hormone in the human body has downregulation of its receptors as a feature. It was assumed for a long time, and has been shown to happen in mice and some human tissue. Do with this information what you will, and know if you choose to cycle hormones there is at least some science behind it and it’s not just some “trying to replicate periods” thing.
Edit: I should explain what receptor downregulation is. Your body has estrogen receptors on and in its cells -- on the surface, but more importantly on the surface of the nucleus inside the cell. This is where the estrogen you take attaches to, which then instructs the cell to make more or less of specific proteins, ultimately resulting in things like breast tissue growth, softer skin etc.
Your body strives for homeostasis in pretty much all things, which is a
... keep reading on reddit ➡We told her she can lean on us for support. Although, we are going to have to change her driver's license, her height is going down by a foot. I don't want to go too far out on a limb here but it better not be a hack job.
Ants don’t even have the concept fathers, let alone a good dad joke. Keep r/ants out of my r/dadjokes.
But no, seriously. I understand rule 7 is great to have intelligent discussion, but sometimes it feels like 1 in 10 posts here is someone getting upset about the jokes on this sub. Let the mods deal with it, they regulate the sub.
They were cooked in Greece.
I'm surprised it hasn't decade.
He lost May
Now that I listen to albums, I hardly ever leave the house.
Don't you know a good pun is its own reword?
Two muffins are in an oven, one muffin looks at the other and says "is it just me, or is it hot in here?"
Then the other muffin says "AHH, TALKING MUFFIN!!!"
For context I'm a Refuse Driver (Garbage man) & today I was on food waste. After I'd tipped I was checking the wagon for any defects when I spotted a lone pea balanced on the lifts.
I said "hey look, an escaPEA"
No one near me but it didn't half make me laugh for a good hour or so!
Edit: I can't believe how much this has blown up. Thank you everyone I've had a blast reading through the replies 😂
It really does, I swear!
Said if she ever hosts a gender reveal party, when it comes time to pop the balloon she'll spray everyone with water.
Gender is fluid.
And now I’m cannelloni
Because she wanted to see the task manager.
But that’s comparing apples to oranges
And boy are my arms legs.
