Phenotype Puns

I know this seems like a simple question, but the context of this question comes from a debate I heard between two classmates. One claimed that sex of an organism was first and foremost a question of gamete type. The other claimed that sex was a question of general reproductive function, i.e. a woman with Complete Androgen Insensitivity syndrome would not be male because despite having testes, the rest of her body was geared towards female reproduction.

Their analogy is that if a left shoe was put on a right foot, it would still be a left shoe because its structure is organized around the left foot, regardless of what it's being used for or wether or not it's functional. Basically, that a "male phenotype" was an organism organized towards the production of sperm, and that this is born out by the definition of sex that comes up on Google.

>either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions.

The however, the gamete-based definition seems to be favored by dictionaries like miriam webster which say that "female" is

>"of, relating to, or being the sex that typically has the capacity to bear young or produce eggs"

And vice versa for men. The Oxford Dictionary similarly favors it with even less ambiguity.

>Denoting the gamete (sex cell) that, during sexual reproduction, fuses with a male gamete in the process of fertilization. Female gametes are generally larger than the male gametes and are usually immotile (see oosphere; ovum).

Which of these perspectives is correct? I understand that this is a touchy topic for a lot of people, especially with current debates about gender and intersex people.

As I understand there are no true Sativas and no true Indicas. Everything is a hybrid. Even still, sativa and indica was only really intended to describe skinny vs broad leaves. The cannabinoid content is what determines the majority of the effects. Supposedly terpenes influence this as well, but I’m not fully convinced it’s perceptible by the average consumer outside of smell. Terpenes are not new and the “science” is no different than that being pushed by essential oil people. Drives me mad when I am asked whether I prefer a sativa or an indica when shopping.

from my observations irl it would have to be polynesians, on average they have very robust bodies and stocky builds, there was this poly girl who won the tug of war game singlehandedly, ive also noticed eastern europeans tend to be robust, russians, poles, balts etc, west africans tend to have nice asthetic physiques but there not as strong as the previous groups mentioned, these are just my observations tho and and ofcourse there are outliers

my cousin and my grandfather, cousin left grandfather on the right, my cousin probably has 6.75 inch wrists and my grandfather still dwarfs his wrists and wrist size is a indicator of how heavy ones frame is and overall bone density, i bring this up because my grandfather is of eastern european decent specifically 100% lithuanian witch proves my point with eastern euros and polynesians being the most physically robust

Metabolically unhealthy and overweight phenotypes are associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, in a population-based study

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S089990072200003X

Authors: Fabrícia Geralda FerreiraaGiana ZarbatoLongoi

Show more Outline Share Cite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111590 Get rights and content

HIGHLIGHTS • Overweight plus metabolic alterations are associated with proinflammatory cytokines

• MUNW and MHOW phenotypes are associated with higher levels of TNF-α and IL-12p70

• Metabolic alterations and overweight are important cardiovascular risk factors

• Identifying metabolic phenotypes is important for prevention of chronic diseases

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to determine the association between cytokine levels in metabolic phenotypes. Our hypothesis is that an unhealthy metabolic profile is associated to higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

Research Methods & Procedures The sample is composed of 743 Brazilian adult individuals classified in four phenotypes: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW) and metabolically unhealthy overweight (MUOW). Sociodemographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters were collected. Six different cytokines were analyzed from blood samples using the CBA Human Inflammatory cytokines kit and the values divided in quartiles for analysis. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between metabolic phenotypes and cytokines concentrations, adjusted for potential confounders and p < 0.05 was used.

Results The MUOW phenotype shows a higher risk of increased levels of all cytokines analyzed compared to the reference (MHNW).

Conclusions These results indicate that weight excess and altered metabolic profile are related to inflammation, especially when both conditions are associated, possibly linked to visceral adiposity. Therefore, the categorization of metabolic phenotypes in populations is an important factor for prevention of chronic diseases, as inflammation associates to cardiovascular risk and obesity is not sole influencing factor.

siesta time

I’d love to share my thoughts for a more tolerant 2k22 year.

I actually see a lot of people who think that trace ancestry must be considered as statistical noise. Or telling that someone look very Iranian, not really Swedish. And so on.

While it is sometimes true, this is a misunderstanding on how DNA 🧬 works.

We usually think that the more genes you got from a specific ancestry the more typical features from this ancestry you will get.

But that’s not true. During my MSc, I’ve learned that a single polymorphism (SNP) can alter your apparence in a visible way. While 100,000 SNPs may not change anything in your physical appearance.

Moreover the reference populations that 23andme uses are not totally homogenous. Only in this specific case the machine learning metrics would be 100% for every single pop. Which is barely impossible according to genetics of populations science and ethnology.

Let’s take the example of doubles, people who can be mistaken for another one. Some of them took a test from DTC companies like AncestryDNA or 23and me. And they usually share 0% of DNA in common.

Considering that 0.1% of one specific ancestry is roughly equal to 650 SNP with the V5 chip that 23andme use, we should not consider it as noise.

Even when the noise disappear at 60% of confidence level it almost always means something in the family tree of the customer (one ancestor from another ethnicity, one ancestor from an ethnic group that no longer exists, several ancestors with a common ancestry, etc.). Especially for some ancestries like Indigenous American which get almost perfect precision and recall machine learning metrics. In other words it is difficult to mistake IA for another ancestry or to get IA instead of Spanish for instance.

That said, I personally consider that we shouldn’t discard 0.1% as noise because it is only an estimate which can become 5% or more after phasing. Moreover, we don’t inherit 50% of each ancestry from each parent. DNA is passed down randomly. For instance, 1 guy can get 0.1% Eastern European when his brother may get 10% instead. Therefore it is a genuine ancestry.

On the contrary you may self identify to an ethnicity (Italians for instance), being culturally raised in the corresponding culture… but getting 0% Italian just because you statistically got 0% from your full Italian GGP.

Please keep in mind that small traces are sometimes meaningful to someone’s life, they often means something real. And that appearance is not always c

Slavs in particular East Slavs (Russian and Ukrainian) are commonly stereotyped as having high rounded forehead and more rounded or heart-shaped face. However, many of the stereotypical Slavic features are also not rare among the Baltic people and Finnic people.

Below are some Baltic and Finnic people.

https://preview.redd.it/86atlztl6zd81.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=1501b8004c8f7440a252b6e6b9180321d26d9092

https://preview.redd.it/3xyftpsu6zd81.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=d49ada747b3fbaeb8fa70ca58692b0cba93b2065

I think they can pass as many Russians, especially the North Russians. Many people at least on the internet suggest those phenotypes come from mixing with Asians. However, I don't think so. Many Tatars and Turkmen (as well as South Uyghurs) can have up to 40% East Eurasian admixture, but Baltic features are less common among them.

Bashkir people

https://preview.redd.it/r3gq9uoq7zd81.png?width=750&format=png&auto=webp&s=cd53e57d798960b774c85348c607e426d1da3dc8

https://preview.redd.it/am1jnrkt7zd81.png?width=512&format=png&auto=webp&s=ebabc235f6dd76fb98b209bcafd47808aff08b0c

https://preview.redd.it/dk8rz56f9zd81.png?width=1280&format=png&auto=webp&s=eb59446bb2a4172e88f692cd4cc2a5dd7c119c37

Turkmen people

https://preview.redd.it/05ma14gbazd81.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=c9a647984b30063d736b3cc224f81b61afd7b224

Volga Tatars

https://preview.redd.it/ph0do3zd7zd81.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=d848bbef609a110e2a4857cbc74587e5e68cf743

Chuvash

https://preview.redd.it/kkr4a10sczd81.png?width=640&format=png&auto=webp&s=39d893fa2379eec885ae28e1151f8d6c5f6ba4fb

https://preview.redd.it/oy34xoto8zd81.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=6eb21f744561af0cf0c338a97814a8a9f36b76ec

Many Slavic people can look more generic European, but some of them have Baltic features which is taken as the stereotypical Slavic phenotype. Therefore, I speculate the "Slavic" phenotype comes from Baltic with high ancient North Euro Hunter Gatherer influences.

I personally don't think they have a lot of Asiatic influences as exaggerated. I think at least their autosomal DNA and maternal DNA are predominantly Europid. Considering Baltic and Finnic people have high percentage of Blonde hair and blue eyes, which are more common among European Hunter Gatherers than other West Eurasians.

I know I should probably ask a medical professional instead, but I actually posted this in r/medical and no one answered...

I did some reschearch and I did found and article about a woman who had normal female phenotype (with fertility and all) but she did had an history of fertility problems in her family and she also showed other physical features associated with XXY chromosomes in females (I think the article is this one Normal Female Phenotype and Ovarian Development Despite the Ovarian Expression of the Sex-Determining Region of Y Chromosome (SRY) in a 46,XX/69,XXY Diploid/Triploid Mosaic Child Conceived after in Vitro Fertilization–Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection | The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism | Oxford Academic (oup.com) But im not sure)

Now just to be clear, I don't actually believe I am inter***and this is not an ''am I inter***?'' post, im just curious if it would be possible to have inter*** chromosomes and just not have any sings of it at all

I'm not too familiar with European phenotypes, but i always hear on this subreddit how diverse Italians are, and from what I've seen they are indeed very diverse. Just curious if you all think that's the most diverse (phenotypes wise) European ethnic group or not.