References

1. Chen Y, Dokmanovic M, Stein WD, Ardecky RJ, Roninson IB. Agonist and antagonist of retinoic acid receptors cause similar changes in gene expression and induce senescence-like growth arrest in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66:8749–8761. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Rasooly R, Schuster GU, Gregg JP, Xiao JH, et al. Retinoid × receptor agonists increase bcl2a1 expression and decrease apoptosis of naive T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2005;175:7916–7929. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Arima K, Shiotsugu J, Niu R, Khandpur R, et al. Global analysis of RAR-responsive genes in the Xenopus neurula using cDNA microarrays. Dev Dyn. 2005;232:414–431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Cawley S, Bekiranov S, Ng HH, Kapranov P, et al. Unbiased mapping of transcription factor binding sites along human chromosomes 21 and 22 points to widespread regulation of noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2004;116:499–509. [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Cell&title=Unbiased+mapping+of+transcription+factor+binding+sites+along+human+chromosomes+21+and+22+points+to+widespread+regulation+of+noncoding+RNAs&author=S+Cawley&author=S

• If you find your book in the thread below, send the number of the book via reddit chat or via telegram .
• Almost all the books are in their latest editions and some of them are available in multiple editions too
• Books (pdf) are delivered through Google-Drive link
• You can also send requests via reddit chat or by telegram .
• Also, upvote the post if you found it useful

Please find the list below:

25388. (eBook PDF)Crash Course Pharmacology 5E by Catrin Page BSc MB ChB , Clive P. Page OBE PhD , Shreelata T Datta MD MRCOG LLM BSc (Hons) MBBS (Series Editor), Philip Xiu MA BA MB BChir MRCP (Series Editor)

25389. (eBook PDF)Crash Course Respiratory Medicine 5 by Hannah Lawrence BSc MBBS MRCP , Thomas Moore BMedSci BMBS MRCP , Omar Usmani MBBS PhD FHEA FRCP

25390. (eBook PDF)Crash Course Anatomy and Physiology 5E by Samuel Hall , Jonny Stephens , Claire France Smith BSc PGCE PhD

25391. (eBook PDF)Crash Course Pathology 5E by Olivia Mckinney , Isabel Woodman , Hizbullah Shaikh

25392. (eBook PDF)Crash Course Obstetrics and Gynaecology 4E by Sophie Kay , Charlotte Jean Sandhu , Ruma Dutta BSc MBBS MRCOG

25393. (eBook PDF) Crash Course Neurology 5th Edition by Umesh Vivekananda

25394. (eBook PDF) Crash Course Medical Research, Audit and Teaching: the Essentials for Career Success 2nd Edition by Amit Kaura , Darrel Francis

25395. (eBook PDF) Crash Course Rheumatology and Orthopaedics 4th Edition by Marc Aitken , Anthony Gibson , Cameron Elias-Jones FRCS (Tr & Orth)

25396. (eBook PDF)Psychology and Sociology Applied to Medicine 4E by Edwin van Teijlingen MA MEd PhD , Gerald M Humphris PhD MClinPsychol CPsychol FRCP Edin

25397. (eBook PDF)Biochemistry, 9th Edition by Lubert Stryer , Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko , Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

25398. (eBook PDF)Concepts in Federal Taxation 2020, 27th Edition by Kevin E. Murphy , Mark Higgins

25399. (eBook PDF)South-Western Federal Taxation 2020 Corporations, Partnerships, Estates and Trusts, 43rd Edition by , Annette Nellen , David M. Maloney

25400. (eBook PDF)South-Western Federal Taxation 2020 Individual Income Taxes, 43rd Edition by James C. Young , Annette Nellen , William H. Hoffman , William A. Raabe , David M. Maloney

25401. (eBook PDF)South-Western Federal Taxation 2020: Essentials of Taxation 23rd Edition by Annette Nellen , James C. Young , William A. Raabe , David M. Maloney

25402. (e

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-020-00013-3

Intermittent and periodic fasting (IF and PF, respectively) are emerging as safe strategies to affect longevity and healthspan by acting on cellular aging and disease risk factors, while causing no or minor side effects. IF lasting from 12 to 48 hours and repeated every 1 to 7 days and PF lasting 2 to 7 days and repeated once per month or less have the potential to prevent and treat disease, but their effect on cellular aging and the molecular mechanisms involved are only beginning to be unraveled. Here, we describe the different fasting methods and their effect on longevity in organisms ranging from yeast to humans, linking them to the major nutrient-sensing signaling pathways and focusing on the benefits of the fasting and the refeeding periods. We also discuss both the therapeutic potential and side effects of IF and PF with a focus on cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and metabolic and cardiovascular disease.

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

Continuation of mTORC1 p2: Mast cells.... p2 --> LINK

In summary, the results presented here are the first to reveal the function of MMP3 in the BBB and suggest that it has an essential role in the brain microvasculature that differs from its function in other vessels. We have shown that MMP3 increases BBB permeability by upregulating the ERK signaling pathway, which subsequently reduces TJ and AJ protein abundance in BMVECs. Oxidative stress often leads to impairment of BBB. Since the BBB is the primary regulator of exchange between the peripheral blood and the brain, our observations likely have important implications for treating neuroinflammatory conditions and other CNS disorders involving the endothelial MMP3 pathway.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2021/6655122/

4.1. Mast Cells: Guardians of Homeostasis in the Brain

Although they are often described in the context of pathology and disease, mast cells are likely important regulators of homeostasis, since mast cell mediators can have both beneficial and harmful effects depending on the context in which they are deployed. This may also be the case in the brain. For example, activated mast cells rapidly release a series of immunomodulatory molecules, such as histamine and TNF-α. In organotypic slice cultures and primary rat astrocyte-neuron co-cultures, exogenously added histamine was shown to protect hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity [63]. Neuroprotection was mediated by increased expression of astrocytic glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), probably due to reduction in extracellular glutamate levels. Mast cell-derived proteases and proteoglycans also might provide neuroprotection [64]. In a mouse model of ischemic injury, TNF-α was shown to promote the survival of hippocampal and striatal neurons, probably acting via its receptor (tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2)) [65]. The protective or detrimental effects of TNF-α might depend on the concentration and duration of release as well as receptor binding (TNFR1 vs TNFR2) [66]. Intracerebral mast cell secrete proteases, vasoactive molecules such as nitric oxide, lipid mediators, histamine, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and TNF-α which can increase BBB permeability by breaking down the tight junctions between brain endothelial cells [67]. Thus in pathological situations,

Continuation of mTORC1 p2: Mast cells.... p1 --> Link

2. Overview and activation of MCs

Although the role of MCs is overlooked compared with microglia, MCs remain an important factor in the immune signaling pathway (29). MCs, the effector cells of the innate immune system, are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and multifunctional antigen-presenting cells and have a pivotal role in immunoglobulin type E (IgE)-associated allergic and inflammation-associated diseases (35). Despite their low numbers in most organs, MCs are present in both healthy and disease states. MCs are the first line of defense against invading pathogens and are distributed in almost all organs and vascularized tissues (36). Blood MCs express CD34 and contain cytoplasmic granules filled with heparin and histamine, the latter of which is released after binding to IgE. Unlike other myeloid-derived cells, tissue MCs have a hematopoietic developmental lineage (37,38). During MC development, immature lineage progenitors enter the circulation and are recruited to peripheral tissues by endothelial cells, regulating the appearance of granules with proteases (37,38). Human MCs may be classified into mucosal and connective tissue types according to the type of proteases present in their cytoplasmic granules; the mucosal type contains tryptase, whereas the connective tissue type contains both tryptase and chymase (39). MCs act as first responders and environmental ‘sensors’ to interact with other cellular elements involved in physiological and immune responses, promoting the neuroinflammation process (40). MCs are present in various areas of the brain and meninges. Although less distributed in the brain, they are generally found in the subthalamic nucleus, choroid plexus and the parenchyma of the hypothalamic region (41). The pathogenic roles of MCs were indicated to extend from allergic disease to autoimmune diseases and carcinogenesis (42-47).

The most common way through which MCs perform their function is degranulation. The activation of the inflammatory process results in a rapid release of MC granules into the interstitium. MC granules contain pre-formed and newly synthesized reactive chemicals known as MC mediators. These mediators include histamine, tryptase, chymase, interleukin families, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), serotonin, heparin, proteoglycans, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), prosta

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

6 Parkinson’s Biotech Companies: Where Are They in 2021?

Posted on: April 12, 2021 in Blogs | Life Science Blogs
By: Sarah Hand, M.Sc.

Parkinson’s disease research has been immensely challenging for biotechs, with a high rate of late-stage attrition in trials leading to a lack of disease-modifying therapies being approved.

In 2019, Xtalks profiled six Parkinson’s biotech companies that were leading the way in disease research and drug development. Two years later, we wanted to check in on the progress these companies have made in developing treatments for the progressive neurodegenerative disorder.

Like other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementias, Parkinson’s disease research has been immensely challenging for biotechs, with a high rate of late-stage attrition in trials leading to a lack of disease-modifying therapies being approved.

Read on to learn about the latest updates from Parkinson’s biotech companies Prevail Therapeutics, Axovant Gene Therapies, Voyager Therapeutics, Inflazome, Denali Therapeutics and Neuropore Therapies, and also find out about some emerging players in the Parkinson’s disease space.

1. Prevail Therapeutics

Then

In late March 2019, New York-based Parkinson’s biotech company Prevail Therapeutics had just secured $50 million in investments in a Series B financing round. The gene therapy company was focused on applying adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to developing a one-time treatment for patients with Parkinson’s disease who have specific genetic mutations.

Genes encoding lysosomal enzymes were targets for their gene therapy candidates, as lysosomal dysfunction leads to the buildup of toxic waste materials in cells, which is thought to contribute to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s.

Now

Acquired by Eli Lilly for $880 million in December 2020, Prevail Therapeutics currently has three compounds under development, one of which i

Do your worst!

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32957083/

> > # Alzheimer's disease as a systems network disorder: chronic stress/dyshomeostasis, innate immunity, and genetics > > Alexei Kurakin 1, Dale E Bredesen 2 3 > > Affiliations expand > > - PMID: 32957083 > - PMCID: PMC7585078 > - DOI: 10.18632/aging.103883 > > Free PMC article > > ## Abstract > > Ineffective results of clinical trials of over 200 anti-Alzheimer's drug candidates, with a 99.6% attrition rate, suggest that the current paradigm of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be incomplete, necessitating exploration of alternative and complementary frameworks.Using algorithms for hypothesis independent search and expert-assisted synthesis of heterogeneous data, we attempted to reconcile multimodal clinical profiles of early-stage AD patients and accumulated research data within a parsimonious framework. Results of our analysis suggest that Alzheimer's may not be a brain disease but a progressive system-level network disorder, which is driven by chronic network stress and dyshomeostasis. The latter can be caused by various endogenous and exogenous factors, such as chronic inflammatory conditions, infections, vascular dysfunction, head trauma, environmental toxicity, and immune disorders. Whether originating in the brain or on the periphery, chronic stress, toxicity, and inflammation are communicated to the central nervous system (CNS) via humoral and neural routes, preferentially targeting high-centrality regulatory nodes and circuits of the nervous system, and eventually manifesting as a neurodegenerative CNS disease.In this report, we outline an alternative perspective on AD as a systems network di

They were cooked in Greece.

I'm surprised it hasn't decade.

For context I'm a Refuse Driver (Garbage man) & today I was on food waste. After I'd tipped I was checking the wagon for any defects when I spotted a lone pea balanced on the lifts.

I said "hey look, an escaPEA"

No one near me but it didn't half make me laugh for a good hour or so!

Edit: I can't believe how much this has blown up. Thank you everyone I've had a blast reading through the replies 😂

It really does, I swear!

Because she wanted to see the task manager.

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/vegetable-oil-the-real-culprit-behind-alzheimer8217s-disease-2161-0460-1000410-97144.html

> # Vegetable Oil: The Real Culprit behind Alzheimer’s Disease > > According to the WHO, treating and caring for people with dementia currently cost the world more than US$ 604 billion per year. Dementia is a disease which, although preventable, cannot be cured even by the modern medicine which is only palliative in nature. Dementia is not just a name of a disease. It means memory deficit, associated with symptoms which directly affect the quality of daily life and communication. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia and possibly contributes to two-thirds of cases. In 2006, approximately 0.40% (absolute number 26.6 million) of the global population was estimated to be affected by Alzheimer’s disease, and its prevalence is expected to increase dramatically due to the aging global population. To date, cholinesterase inhibitors and a NMDA receptor antagonist have been most commonly utilized. However, they can insufficiently alter disease progression because the treatment usually starts after the synaptic loss and/or neuronal loss are completed. > > What is the real culprit behind Alzheimer’s disease? > > Especially, what is the exact mechanism of neuronal death? > > For almost half a century, it was believed that the cause of Alzheimer’s disease is the accumulation of the protein waste product, amyloid β in the brain. In the amyloid hypothesis, “senile plaque” (amyloid plaque) deposits in the brain, were supposed to gradually cause death of neurons, although the underlying molecular mechanism was not elucidated at all. This amyloid β hypothesis has been considered to be the most plausible explanation to date. However, this hypothesis does not fully explain all of the molecular cascades of Alzheimer’s disease, and is therefore heavily criticized. Many researchers began to voice doubts about the amyloid β hypothesis for the past decade, because of unbelievable PET images visualizing amyloid β in the living brain. In many patients with advanced Alzheimer’s disease, it’s been demonstrated that there is an extensive accumulation of amyloid β on PET. On the other hand, however, it’s also been shown that not a small number of elderly

Heard they've been doing some shady business.

but then I remembered it was ground this morning.

Edit: Thank you guys for the awards, they're much nicer than the cardboard sleeve I've been using and reassures me that my jokes aren't stale

Edit 2: I have already been made aware that Men In Black 3 has told a version of this joke before. If the joke is not new to you, please enjoy any of the single origin puns in the comments

BamBOO!

They’re on standbi

A play on words.

r/microdosing Disclaimer

[Updated: Dec 29, 2021 - Further Reading: Link to L-theanine study]

Introduction

• CBD and THC are examples of phytocannabinoids.
• Anandamide is an example of endogenous cannabinoid (also known as an endocannabinoid), and can also found in cacao 🍫.
• All have an effect on the endocannabinoid system (ECS).
• The therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system [Nov 2019]:

Figure 1

Article Highlights

• Psychedelics & Cannabis Therapeutics | 'High doses of THC are hallucinogenic, and microdosing LSD is a lot like CBD.' [Apr 2019]:

>5-HT2A: THE PSYCHEDELIC RECEPTOR
>
>Scientists are exploring various ways that THC and CBD interact with the serotonin (5-HT) system. CBD, for example, binds to three serotonin receptor subtypes, including 5-HT2a. Aberrant 5-HT2a signaling has been linked to headaches, mood disorders, and hallucinations. The 5-HT2a receptor is also a key mediator of the psychedelic experience. LSD and several other psychedelic compounds bind to 5-HT2a, and this is thought to be responsible for producing many of LSD’s signature effects.
>
>LSD and CBD are both mighty molecules. But CBD is positively un-psychedelic – it’s about the least hallucinogenic substance imaginable. CBD seems to act as a weak 5-HT2a antagonist, which means that it binds to the receptor and partially blocks it. Psychedelics do the opposite – they activate this receptor in a big way. LSD is a super-potent 5-HT2a agonist; it has a much stronger binding affinity for the 5-HT2a receptor than serotonin itself.
>
>“THC activates cannabinoid receptors – and these receptors can link up and combine with serotonin receptors to form novel signaling complexes called heterodimers.”

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path

#Possible ways of a spike shedding after vaccination

Back in the the spring of 2021, when a lot of vaccinations were happening, there were some concerns about the vaxxinated potentially 'passing the spike protein to others around them.' This supposition was fueled by an internal Pfizer document that devoted an entire section to the possibility of "mRNA vaccine shedding," whereby people who were exposed to it near vaxxinated ones could potentially suffer an adverse reaction. A new study now suggests a way to do just that:

Introductory Explanation:

>Exosomes:

>Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

>Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220978/

> See also: Exosome (vesicle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_%28vesicle%29

In section 8.3.5 of the internal Pfizer document:

https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/2020-11/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_Nov2020.pdf

it was described that exposure during pregnancy or breastfeeding to a recipient of a Pfizer mRNA shot during the study period should be reported to Pfizer's safety department within 24 hours of the investigator becoming aware of it. Thus, Pfizer apparently assumed the possibility of spike shedding.

A study titled:

Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination Prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines

could provide an explanation for path