Official PDF from FIFA with all teams
Letter on how the numbers are calculated
> The Distribution Amount (USD 209 million gross) is divided by the total number 01 days (24,500), which results in a rounded amount per player per day of around USD 8,530 (subject to any taxes and deductions)
For info on how the number is tabulated
> The Total per Player is distributed on a pro rata basis to the clubs with which the player was registered during the two years before the day following the last match of his representative team at the final competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
This explains why some teams that currently don't feature players (Montreal, Toronto) were likely paid as well as why the Quakes were so high up the list, seeing as they have had two players during just about the entirety of the two years before the World Cup (Panama's Godoy, Cummings) as well as other players who made it to the World Cup (Urena, now with LAFC and Alberto Quintero who now plays in Peru).
| # | Club | $$$ | # Players sent in 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | San Jose Earthquakes | $591,470 | 2 |
| 2 | Seattle Sounders FC | $530,625 | 2 |
| 3 | Los Angeles Galaxy | $481,100 | 2 |
| 4 | New York City FC | $451,385 | 1 |
| 5 | Vancouver Whitecaps | $411,765 | 1 |
| 6 | New York Red Bulls | $382,050 | 2 |
| 7 | Los Angeles FC | $338,892 | 3 |
| 8 | Portland Timbers | $304,225 | 2 |
| 9 | Minnesota United FC | $287,245 | 1 |
| 10 | Houston Dynamo | $212,250 | 1 |
| 11 | Orlando City SC | $158,480 | 1 |
| 12 | Montreal Impact | $115,322 | 0 |
| 13 | Toronto FC | $127,350 | 0 |
Here's a little app I made last weekend which shows how captains, coaches and journalists from different parts of the world voted.
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Edit: Let me address some questions in one go:
As Ulvund pointed out ! FIFA released this PDF document (why pdf, you brutes!) containing all the goodies, so a lot of elbow grease went into beating that PDF into a useful format.
The red bars are good-old pre-generated HTML tables, but the main vizualization is made with Protovis.
