Hello Space History fans of Reddit,
Over the years, there’s been a lot of misinformation about a particular individual who crops up in histories of Voyager and outer-planet exploration. That individual is Michael A. Minovitch.
Depending on where you look, you’ll run across things like the following:
- Spacecraft were not capable of reaching the outer planets until Minovitch invented the concept of gravity assist.
- Minovitch discovered what became the Voyager Grand Tour of the outer planets.
- Minovitch’s groundbreaking efforts were ignored by his superiors because nobody initially believed that gravity assist could work.
- JPL stole Minovitch’s ideas and refused to give him credit for his work.
Welp, none of that is true.
I published a book about Michael Minovitch. To write it, I interviewed him and communicated with him regularly. I reviewed his notebooks and papers. I interviewed his co-workers. I interviewed his supervisors. I interviewed space mission professionals who use the concepts of gravity assist in their everyday work. I also interviewed the real people who worked on Voyager. And I researched the historical record.
I spent three years on this.
One of the most common search results about Minovitch is an online article called “The maths that made Voyager possible” by Christopher Riley and Dallas Campbell.
Riley knows that the thrust of his article is incorrect because I confronted him about it several years ago. (He stopped responding to me.) Riley never even called Minovitch himself, who is still alive. For his Minovitch source material, Riley used a series of biased conference presentations co-written by Minovitch himself. And that was it!
Gravity assist is a concept that evolved over hundreds of years - going back to the time when astronomers first noticed that the path of a comet would be affected by its close passage of a planet.
In the 1880s, Hubert Newton published a study of energy transfers between comets and Jupiter. He was already working on the math.
In the 1920s, Walter Hohmann and Friedrich Tsander independently created sample gravity-assist missions with hypothetical spacecraft.
In the early 1950s, Derek Lawden popularized gravity assist although conceding that many unsolved factors existed.
In the late 1950s, Krafft Ehricke published “Instrumented Comets” and lectured at the university level about using gravity assist on space missions. He taught at UCLA as early as 1959.
In
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Research Design and Methods: A Process
Phil
Go post NSFW jokes somewhere else. If I can't tell my kids this joke, then it is not a DAD JOKE.
If you feel it's appropriate to share NSFW jokes with your kids, that's on you. But a real, true dad joke should work for anyone's kid.
Mods... If you exist... Please, stop this madness. Rule #6 should simply not allow NSFW or (wtf) NSFL tags. Also, remember that MINORS browse this subreddit too? Why put that in rule #6, then allow NSFW???
Please consider changing rule #6. I love this sub, but the recent influx of NSFW tagged posts that get all the upvotes, just seem wrong when there are good solid DAD jokes being overlooked because of them.
Thank you,
A Dad.
Well, toucan play at that game.
Martin Freeman, and Andy Serkis.
They also play roles in Lord of the Rings.
I guess that makes them the Tolkien white guys.
She said apple-lutely
'Eye-do'
This is my first post pls don't kill me lol.
The people in the comment section is why I love this subreddit!!
Cred once again my sis wants credit lol
I heard parents named their children lance a lot.
First post please don't kill me
Edit: i went to sleep and now my inbox is dead, thank you kind strangers for the awards!
second hand stores!
it's Hans free now..
Old Neeeeiiiiighvy
10+10 is twenty and 11+11 is twenty too
A buck-an-ear!
I Thank ye kind Matey for the booty! I be truly overwhelmed! Thank you!
Holy cow! Thank you everyone for the upvotes and awards! I wasn’t expecting this!
He should have a good vowel movement. His next diaper change could spell disaster though.
Making it all the way home and realizing that they forgot one of the containers:
Riceless
That was the punchline
Without missing a beat he asks "Daddy, do you know how much room you need to grow Fungi like that?"
I did not know.
So he tells me "as Mushroom as possible!"
So proud.
Feyonce
He was so brave and even tried to encourage us, the family around him, with his last breaths. He kept whispering to us to Be Positive.
He said, “Change the batteries in your hearing aid”.
She was pretty mad when I only picked seven up
So far no one has given me a straight answer.
Alzheimer, Grandma, it's Alzheimer.
Transparent
(sorry it sucks, it's like 2:30 in the morning right now and I haven't slept)
(Edit: holy shit! I wasn't expecting this to get so many upvotes. Also thanks for the awards guys, I really appreciate it!)
You look for the fresh prints!
It’s a dad-ly disease.
Happy Father’s Day to all the dads that get me though my day to day life, without you Dad Jokes wouldn’t mean a thing 😉
Oops, wrong sub.
