I have included a video of Occitan in a popular troubadour song, and it has lyrics included, although I do not know what they are singing. I have done some research on medieval music and am confused about the difference between Old French and Occitan, and if they are considered different languages compared to modern French?

The Occitan in the video certainly sounds partially like French.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0E8ZN9nwPA

Does anyone know any good ways for English speakers to learn Old Occitan? I don't know much modern French either so thats a draw back.

Hello All! Long time lurker here looking for an answer to the entitled question. Sorry if this is not the appropriate place to be asking such a question, I just don't know where else to go. I've been practicing portrait modding over the weekend and have had some success. I was able to mod (without changing the checksum) the French so that they use the new glorious German portraits instead of the Triple Chinned Monstrosity Nightmare Creators (shudders)! After experiencing success with the French I decided the Occitananians were next on my list. Specifically, I wanted them to use the Southern (Iberian) portraits instead of their default portraits. I made the appropriate changes and voila the Occitanians now use the Southern portrait pack in nearly every start, except for Charlemagne and the Old Gods.

I tried making a second .gfx file that would apply to Charlemagne and Old Gods Occitanian adults but I've had absolutely no success. My mod only affects the children in these starts as they use the southern child graphics. But every adult, even courtiers whom I spawn, uses the original Occitan portrait pack with it's frightening chinlinessnessness (I put a ness on chinli for each chin.) If anyone has any advice for a nooby portrait modder it will be greatly appreciated. I've already searched both ck2wikis but I haven't been able to find a solution to my problem.

Strangely enough I have not had this problem with any French starting characters in the Old Gods start. Every French character is using the German portraits.

edit: changed .txt to .gfx.

I'm not sure how many are out there that would be interested in learning or reading Old Occitan (the language of the troubadours, spoken from around 8th to 14th centuries), but from my years of studying the language I have found a number helpful online resources for people that may be interested. I imagine that those who speak modern Occitan would be able to pick up the language quite quickly (in addition to those who know another Romance languages). Feel free to suggest your own!

Grammars/guides to the language

• As of right now there is no website for English speakers that beats William Paden's guide.
• This website, though unfinished, has some good information. If you really want to learn the language though, Paden is a must. Speakers of French/German/Italian may have some other helpful resources.

Dictionaries

• Old Oc. to French: http://www.jfbrun.eu/lengadoc/lexic_medieval.htm (Not exhaustive, but helpful at times)
• This site has a link to some of the foundational dictionaires (Raynouard's and Levy's), which, though dated, are the best resources out there:
• Dictionnaire de l'occitan médiéval - In progress from the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. I imagine this will be the standard dictionary once completed, although they have only reached "ajornar" (that should give you an idea of its comprehensiveness).

Troubadour texts online

• A number of songs, most with English translations and some with melodies: http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/
• Critical editions: http://www.rialto.unina.it/BdT.htm
• Online manuscripts: http://eeleach.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-wonders-of-gallica-some-troubadour-and-trouvere-sources/

We first met in 2012, and our anniversary is coming up. She used to have a perfume that I LOVED so much. She claims it was a rose perfume that looked very much like the bottle here. But this one supposedly just came out, and the "L'occitane Rose" that looks very similar looks like it came out in 2018. I don't know what to do anymore as I have already spent so much time trying to find it, and asking her if she remembers which one it is constantly, lol. Maybe somebody has some extra information or something, or I just have to buy all the types of rose until I get the right one. I really want to smell it on her again like I did that very first day. Thanks for listening.

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

I've often encountered records of notable 19th-century figures being fluent in multiple different languages, often with two or three living languages and a couple of dead languages (Latin, Ancient Greek, etc.). A few examples:

• Carl Friedrich Gauss understood most of the principal European languages, and "at the age of 62 he started learning Russian and in less than two years wrote and spoke it."

• Chester A. Arthur conversed in Latin and Greek with other people who knew the languages.

• Thomas Jefferson spoke English, French, Latin, and Italian, and claimed to be able to read Greek and Spanish. He also studied and wrote about Old English and German.

• Helmuth von Moltke the Elder spoke and wrote German, Danish, French, English, Italian and Turkish.

• Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil was claimed to speak and write in Portuguese, Latin, French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Chinese, Occitan and Tupi.

• Nikola Tesla was capable of reading, writing, and speaking Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin.

With our current understanding of language learning and development, were 19th-century Polyglots really proficient at these languages, or are they moreso parlor tricks for entertaining guests and diplomats? Languages are difficult to learn today, even with lifetimes of learning material available on the internet and instant audio communication available with native speakers.

Do your worst!

I'm surprised it hasn't decade.

For context I'm a Refuse Driver (Garbage man) & today I was on food waste. After I'd tipped I was checking the wagon for any defects when I spotted a lone pea balanced on the lifts.

I said "hey look, an escaPEA"

No one near me but it didn't half make me laugh for a good hour or so!

Edit: I can't believe how much this has blown up. Thank you everyone I've had a blast reading through the replies 😂

It really does, I swear!

They’re on standbi

Pilot on me!!

Nothing, he was gladiator.

Dad jokes are supposed to be jokes you can tell a kid and they will understand it and find it funny.

This sub is mostly just NSFW puns now.

If it needs a NSFW tag it's not a dad joke. There should just be a NSFW puns subreddit for that.

Edit* I'm not replying any longer and turning off notifications but to all those that say "no one cares", there sure are a lot of you arguing about it. Maybe I'm wrong but you people don't need to be rude about it. If you really don't care, don't comment.

When I got home, they were still there.

What did 0 say to 8 ?

" Nice Belt "

So What did 3 say to 8 ?

" Hey, you two stop making out "

I won't be doing that today!

[Removed]

This morning, my 4 year old daughter.

Daughter: I'm hungry

Me: nerves building, smile widening

Me: Hi hungry, I'm dad.

She had no idea what was going on but I finally did it.

Thank you all for listening.

You take away their little brooms

There hasn't been a post all year!

Many languages and dialects in the Gallo-romance group preserved it for several centuries. The existence of this dual case nominative-oblique distinction in Old French and Old Occitan probably meant it did exist on the other Romance language groups at one point in their evolution. But when did that distinction disappear in Italo-Romance and Ibero-romance? Is there any evidence that gives us a general time when it did in spelling mistakes in inscriptions, texts, or graffiti?

December 2021

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