Thank you all for the help. struggling atm.
I'm doing a Planning and Designing lab for A-level Chem, and the problem statement asks how the oxides of Vanadium can be prepared from Vanadium (V) oxide. Wikipedia says that the oxides can be prepared via successive thermal decomposition, but I can't find any temperature values online to support the claim. I've checked the CRC Handbook, (84th edition) and they don't have the decomposition temperatures for any of the vanadium oxides other than V2O5 on pg 789 on the pdf, which makes me wonder where the wiki gets the info from.
So this started as a joke in the lounge last night, to pick some random element to be a commodity bull on, but I think it actually has a really good thesis, which I see playing out over the next few years.
Vanadium is element 23 in the periodic table, one of the lightest transition metals, and has some interesting chemical properties, such as having four different oxidation states. The main usage of Vanadium, accounting for about 80% of all demand, is as a steel additive. I'll mention some speculative applications of V below also but for now let's talk more about the steel aspect.
Vanadium is intimately connected to steel. As well as contributing most of the demand, 71% of all Vanadium production occurs as a byproduct of processing iron ore into steel, most of which is from China, as we'd all expect from this, having suckled at the manly teat of papa Vito.
Also as we know, there is a global shift away from blast furnaces to electric arc furnaces, which recycle scrap metal. It turns out that it is extremely difficult to recover the vanadium from this recycling process. According to this very informative 2004 USGS report, "vanadium use in steel is almost entirely dissipative because recovery of vanadium from steel scrap is chemically impeded under the oxidizing conditions in steelmaking furnaces." "Steel scrap processing occurs mostly in electric arc furnaces under oxidizing conditions, where vanadium is readily oxidized and is chemically redistributed to the slag and airborne dust. The vanadium concentration in such slag is not sufficient for economic recovery."
However, it may be possible to recycle scrap alloys into similar alloys, as this 2020 paper explains. They say "it can be concluded, that end-of-life steel alloys are the most important source for vanadium recycling as this product group covers 90% of the market. As it makes no sense to recover vanadium from scrap, scrap is remelted into similar alloys. Recycling of vanadium from steel scrap is thus rather a logistical than a technological issue". This seems to me like rather a logistical nightmare to sort all the scrap according to its alloy content rather than just melt down the whole thing.
Either way, it seems that as we sw
... keep reading on reddit ➡The loading–reaction‐barrier relationship over VO x /TiO2 catalysts is investigated for chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Sub‐monolayer or monolayer vanadia nanostructures, compared with conventional crystalline V2O5 oxygen carriers, dramatically suppress the CO2 co‐production by evading O2− bulk diffusion and subsequent evolution into surface electrophilic oxygen species.
Abstract
Chemical looping provides an energy‐ and cost‐effective route for alkane utilization. However, there is considerable CO2 co‐production caused by kinetically mismatched O2− bulk diffusion and surface reaction in current chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation systems, rendering a decreased olefin productivity. Sub‐monolayer or monolayer vanadia nanostructures are successfully constructed to suppress CO2 production in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by evading the interference of O2− bulk diffusion (monolayer versus multi‐layers). The highly dispersed vanadia nanostructures on titanium dioxide support showed over 90 % propylene selectivity at 500 °C, exhibiting turnover frequency of 1.9×10−2 s−1, which is over 20 times greater than that of conventional crystalline V2O5. Combining in situ spectroscopic characterizations and DFT calculations, we reveal the loading–reaction barrier relationship through the vanadia/titanium interfacial interaction.
https://ift.tt/2YyCYWa
This Review critically discusses recent breakthroughs and future challenges in research on polyoxovanadate energy materials. The use of polyoxovanadates in batteries, redox‐flow batteries, light‐driven catalysis, and electrocatalysis is described together with an outlook on emerging themes and areas of future application.
Abstract
Molecular vanadium oxides, or polyoxovanadates (POVs), have recently emerged as a new class of molecular energy conversion/storage materials, which combine diverse, chemically tunable redox behavior and reversible multielectron storage capabilities. This Review explores current challenges, major breakthroughs, and future opportunities in the use of POVs for energy conversion and storage. The reactivity, advantages, and limitations of POVs are explored, with a focus on their use in lithium and post‐lithium‐ion batteries, redox‐flow batteries, and light‐driven energy conversion. Finally, emerging themes and new research directions are critically assessed to provide inspiration for how this promising materials class can advance research in sustainable energy technologies.
https://ift.tt/2QPFDXg
The use of photo‐energy represents a promising strategy driving endothermic steam (water) reforming and dry (carbon dioxide) reforming of methane (SRM and DRM) to syngas under mild conditions, but it remains a serious challenge of low syngas selectivity. The precise control of each elementary reaction and acquisition of the crucial step at which photo‐irradiation should be applied are indispensable for engineering the product selectivity. Herein, photoassisted SRM and DRM reactions at room temperature with high syngas selectivity have been successfully achieved in the gas phase catalysis for the first time. The catalysts used are bimetallic rhodium‐vanadium oxide cluster anions of Rh2VO1−3− . Both the oxidation of methane and reduction of H2O/CO2 can take place efficiently in the dark while the pivotal step to govern syngas selectivity is photo‐excitation of the reaction intermediates Rh2 VO2,3CH2− to specific electronically excited states that can selectively produce CO and H2 . The important process of electronic excitation over Rh2 VO2,3CH2− to control the syngas selectivity is further confirmed from the comparison with the thermal excitation of Rh2VO2,3CH2 − , which leads to diversity of products. The atomic‐level mechanism obtained from the well‐controlled cluster reactions provides a new insight into the process of selective syngas production from the photocatalytic SRM and DRM reactions over the catalysts of supported metal oxides.
https://ift.tt/3gI97li
Top Vanadium Stocks on the TSX/
- Largo Resources (TSX:LGO)
- Energy Fuels (TSX:EFR)
- Lara Exploration (TSXV:LRA)
https://www.nxtmine.com/news/articles/energy-critical-metals/tsx-efr-top-vanadium-stocks-on-the-tsx-and-tsxv/
Despite the clinical success of Pt anti‐cancer drugs, metal‐based drugs are slow to enter the clinic, due to their coordination chemistry and typically short lifetimes in biological environments. We propose that this can be turned into advantage for direct injections into the tumor, which will allow use of highly cytotoxic drugs. The release of their less toxic decomposition products into the blood will lead to reduced systemic toxicity and can even have beneficial effect, such as the neurostimulatory activity of vanadium. In particular, a ternary V(V) complex, 1 ([VOL1L2], where L1 is N‐(salicylideneaminato)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine, and L2 is 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylcatechol), enters cells intact to induce high cytotoxicity in a range of human cancer cells, including T98g (glioma multiforme), while its decomposition products in cell culture medium were ~8‐fold less toxic. Complex 1 was 12‐fold more toxic than cisplatin in T98g cells, and 6‐fold more toxic in T98g cells than in a non‐cancer human cell line, HFF‐1. Its high toxicity in T98g cells was retained in the presence of physiological concentrations of the two main metal‐binding serum proteins, albumin and transferrin. These properties favour further development of 1 for brain cancer treatment by intratumoral injections.
https://ift.tt/3dMFxZg
Intro
Below is some info on a mineral I quite like - Vanadium (in particular its use as an energy storage mineral). There is a TON of research articles on vanadium and its use in achieving a greener future, not just in batteries but in steel alloys as well. Below is brief, I have put some links to some scholarly articles where you can read in depth.
What is Vanadium
Vanadium is the 22nd most abundant element in the earths crust and is predominantly used in steel manufacturing. Vanadium is rarely found in its pure metallic form but can be found in over 65 different minerals. Once extracted and dissolved, it is generally used to create light, tough, and more resilient steel alloys. However, the ability of vanadium to dissolve showed it had more potential than in the steel business and instead could be used as a charge carrier for storage. Unsuccessful attempts were made in the 1930s and 1970s however this changed in the 1980s with a breakthrough at the University of New South Wales which created the first vanadium battery.
https://preview.redd.it/6svdaiqghr881.png?width=667&format=png&auto=webp&s=5917a11772f1b45e78756c7f045281cf9ef2b216
Source: David A. Santos, Manish K. Dixit, Pranav Pradeep Kumar, Sarbajit Banerjee. Assessing the role of vanadium technologies in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors and enabling the energy transition. iScience, Volume 24, Issue 11, 2021,
Vanadium Redux Flow Batteries
VRFBs utilizes vanadium ions as charge carriers, taking advantage of the ability for it to exist in solution. Within the battery, there is a positive electrolyte tank and a negative electrolyte tank, both made of vanadium and separated via an ion selective membrane. When the battery is being charged, the positive ions lose an electron, which is introduced to the negative cell. When the battery is being discharged, this process works in reverse, created a voltage. Pumps are required to circulate the electrolyte solutions.
https://preview.redd.it/qkqe5cmjhr881.png?width=554&format=png&auto=webp&s=8982a4f1876a409e46f93144cd563201886e314e
Sources: M. Skyllas-Kazacos, J.F. McCann, Advances in Batteries for Medium and Large-Scale Energy Storage, 2015
Nihal Kularatna, Kosala Gunawardane, Energy Storage Devices for Renewable Energy-Based Systems (Second Edition), 2021
The Advantages & Disadvantages of VRFBs
The obvious disadvantage is the bulkiness. Due to the tanks and pumps in VRFBs it means these will be
... keep reading on reddit ➡I want a stone to use for steels that don't work with my Naniwas. I'm considering the Venev OCB F400/F800. I'm thinking that I can use my Atoma 140/400 or old dmt coarse for heavier repair and use the Venev for sharpening. The F400 is probably fast enough to sharpen a somewhat dull knife and the F800 should be a good compromise between push cutting and slicing aggression. Can someone who owns these stones give some comments?
I am trying to find the process, but Wikipedia didn't help.
Ive started investing in the stock exchange recently and one of my shares, AVL on the asx, is far outperforming the others. Does this mean its safe for me to put more money into the stock now or did i just get very lucky with timing?
Chemical looping provides an energy and cost effective route for alkane utilization. However, there is considerable CO 2 co‐production caused by kinetically mismatched O 2‐ bulk diffusion in current chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation systems, rendering a decreased olefin productivity. This paper describes the successful construction of sub‐monolayer or monolayer vanadia nanostructures to suppress CO 2 production in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by evading the interference of O 2‐ bulk diffusion (monolayer versus multi‐layer). The highly dispersed vanadia nanostructures on titanium dioxide support showed over 90% propylene selectivity at 500 °C, exhibiting highest turnover frequency of 1.9×10 ‐2 s ‐1 , which is over 20 times greater than that of conventional crystalline V 2 O 5 oxygen carriers. Combining in situ spectroscopic characterizations and density functional theory calculation, we revealed the loading–reaction barrier relationship through the vanadia/titanium interfacial interaction. This work demonstrates that sub‐monolayer or monolayer nanostructures have the potential to serve as a general oxygen carrier materials platform for redox reactions.
https://ift.tt/2YyCYWa
Molecular vanadium oxides, or polyoxovanadates (POVs) have recently emerged as a new class of molecular energy conversion/storage materials, which combine diverse, chemically‐tunable redox behaviour and reversible multi‐electron storage capabilities. This Review explores current challenges, major breakthroughs, and future opportunities in the use of POVs for energy conversion and storage. The reactivity, advantages, and limitations of POVs are explored with a focus on their use in lithium and post‐lithium ion batteries, redox flow batteries, and light‐driven energy conversion. Finally, emerging themes and new research directions are critically assessed to provide inspiration for how this promising materials class can advance research in sustainable energy technologies.
https://ift.tt/2QPFDXg
The loading–reaction‐barrier relationship over VO x /TiO2 catalysts is investigated for chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Sub‐monolayer or monolayer vanadia nanostructures, compared with conventional crystalline V2O5 oxygen carriers, dramatically suppress the CO2 co‐production by evading O2− bulk diffusion and subsequent evolution into surface electrophilic oxygen species.
Abstract
Chemical looping provides an energy‐ and cost‐effective route for alkane utilization. However, there is considerable CO2 co‐production caused by kinetically mismatched O2− bulk diffusion and surface reaction in current chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation systems, rendering a decreased olefin productivity. Sub‐monolayer or monolayer vanadia nanostructures are successfully constructed to suppress CO2 production in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by evading the interference of O2− bulk diffusion (monolayer versus multi‐layers). The highly dispersed vanadia nanostructures on titanium dioxide support showed over 90 % propylene selectivity at 500 °C, exhibiting turnover frequency of 1.9×10−2 s−1, which is over 20 times greater than that of conventional crystalline V2O5. Combining in situ spectroscopic characterizations and DFT calculations, we reveal the loading–reaction barrier relationship through the vanadia/titanium interfacial interaction.
https://ift.tt/2YyCYWa
V for Vanadium : A drastic decrease in cytotoxicity of a mixed‐ligand VV complex 1 after its decomposition in biological media can be employed in intratumoral injections, particularly for brain cancer. The release of relatively non‐toxic V decomposition products into the blood is expected to reduce the side effects and may also be beneficial due to the known neurostimulatory properties of V.
Abstract
The chemistry and short lifetimes of metal‐based anti‐cancer drugs can be turned into an advantage for direct injections into tumors, which then allow the use of highly cytotoxic drugs. The release of their less toxic decomposition products into the blood will lead to decreased toxicity and can even have beneficial effects. We present a ternary VV complex, 1 ([VOL1L2], where L1 is N‐(salicylideneaminato)‐N ′‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine and L2 is 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylcatechol), which enters cells intact to induce high cytotoxicity in a range of human cancer cells, including T98g (glioma multiforme), while its decomposition products in cell culture medium were ≈8‐fold less toxic. 1 was 12‐fold more toxic than cisplatin in T98g cells and 6‐fold more toxic in T98g cells than in a non‐cancer human cell line, HFF‐1. Its high toxicity in T98g cells was retained in the presence of physiological concentrations of the two main metal‐binding serum proteins, albumin and transferrin. These properties favor further development of 1 for brain cancer treatment by intratumoral injections.
https://ift.tt/3dMFxZg
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