Presentación de Daniel Chávez, de TNI Creo que un uruguayo afincado en Ámsterdam.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YumYpBIL02g1lm16u2pJGuFL7_AF2BHr/view?usp=drivesdk
The wikipedia article for Alexander Lukashenko claims that
>Lukashenko opposed Western-backed shock therapy during the post-Soviet transition. He has supported state ownership of key industries in Belarus...
>...Since 2006, Lukashenko and other Belarusian officials have also been the subject of on-and-off sanctions imposed by the European Union and the United States for human rights violations.[9][10] He responds that his policies are the only alternative to instability and have spared Belarus from the poverty and oligarchy seen elsewhere in the former Soviet republics.
>Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, under Lukashenko's leadership Belarus has maintained government control over key industries and eschewed large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics.
Is that an accurate characterization of the situation in Belarus in the 1990s? Did Belarus manage to avoid the concentration of business power and wealth in the hands of oligachs? Or were the powerful simply those who had official positions within the Belarusian government?
And how did this impact economic and foreign relations with other post-soviet states? Did Boris Yeltsin, Leonid Kravchuk, Leonid Kuchma, et al. resent Lukashenko and Belarus for holding out against economic liberalization when those leaders felt the need to accept structural reforms and paid a political price?
Coal in the United States is a dying industry. Coal mines in West Virginia and Wyoming have long been closing their doors, and total coal consumption in 2018 is close to half of what it was a decade ago. It is likely the coal power plants will struggle to survive without subsidies. However, it would be a mistake to assume that coal is a dying industry. Many large countries, including India, Indonesia, and China are rapidly increasing their use of coal. In today's podcast episode, I will be exploring India's coal industry, focusing on the struggles of Coal India, the public sector enterprise that dominates coal mining, to dig up enough coal to meet India's demand, the inability of coal and other extractive industries to bring development to the regions where they are most active, and the implications of India's increasing use of coal on the global environment.
Coal India Limited, a state controlled mining company that controls 82% of the coal market, has dominated coal mining in India since its creation in 1971. Coal India has struggled to meet the demands of India's rapidly growing economy because it is expected to provide coal to power plants at costs well below global market levels. Coal India was forced to sell coal at prices 70% below market averages, reducing Coal India profits by half. Similarly, Coal India has long subsidized passengers on Indian Railways by paying above market rates to transport coal. Coal India is legally obligated to hire all of those its mines displace, and strong unions command wages that consume half it revenues. Moreover, corruption and mismanagement at the highest level have resulted in windfall gains to connected companies of [$33 billion](https://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/a
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