Fernao Nuniz Puns

Part 1

Part 2

Oppressive Taxation Policies

Burden of taxation under Rayas of Vijaynagar,whose reign lasted for about 300 years,appears to have been very oppressive. According to Nuniz,a Portugese traveller who enjoyed the patronage of achutraya, the peasants were allowed to retain only one tenth part of their produce. The remaining being squeezed either by government or feudatories as their share. Burnell is of opinion that share of state in produce of land in South India was generally one half though the general share in North India was one sixth. He says "There is ample of evidences to show manu's proposition of one sixth was never observed,and that land tax taken not only by Muhammadan but by Hindu sovereigns also was fully one-half of gross produce". Sewell comments on the observation of chronicler thus : "Whether true or not this statement, coming as it does from a totally external source, strongly supports the view often held that Ryots of South India were grievously oppressed by nobels when subject to Hindu government. Other passages in both of these chronicles each of which was written quite independently of other confirm the assertion here made of the people being ground down and living in greatest poverty and distress.

There were many oppressive taxes which people had to pay like wood-cutters paid tax for cutting the forest wood and again paid tax for selling it in market. All the inhabitants of the village had to pay separate taxes for the maintenance of the commander of the for Dannavi-vartans, the village guard, the village accountant, etc. All these were additional burdens on the people, because the above persons were already granted inam for the services they were expected to render. The tax on marriages affected all castes. It was so oppressive that many poor people remained unmarried for long years. Finding the consequences serious to the social fabric, some kings either abolished the tax or exempted their subjects from paying it. Krishnadevaraya abolished the tax throughout the empire. It was reimposed by his successors, as their inscriptions refer to its remission.

Another category of taxes, known as Samaya sunka, was of a communal nature. It was levied on heads of lower castes, who derived large incomes from fines or presents collected from their men.

Previous Post

Like most capitals, Vijayanagara was characterised by a distinctive physical layout and building style.

Although the city now stands in ruins, we know plenty about how the city looked, and more importantly, how it felt in the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the accounts of Nicolo de Conti, Abdur Razzaq, Afanasii Nikitin, Duarte Barbosa, Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz, apart from the hundreds of inscriptions of the kings of Vijayanagara and their nayakas recording donations to temples as well as describing important events.

Waterworks :-

The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the natural basin formed by the Tungabhadra which flows in a north-easterly direction. The surrounding landscape is characterised by stunning granite hills that seem to form a girdle around the city. A number of streams flow down to the river from these rocky outcrops.

In almost all cases embankments were built along these streams to create reservoirs of varying sizes. As this is one of the most arid zones of the peninsula, elaborate arrangements had to be made to store rainwater and conduct it to the city.

"The king made a tank at the mouth of two hills so that all the water which comes from either side collects there; and, besides this, water comes to it from more than three leagues (approximately 15 kilometers) by pipes which run along the lower parts of the range outside. This water is brought from a lake which itself overflows into a little river. The tank has three large pillars handsomely carved with figures; these connect above with certain pipes by which they get water when they have to irrigate their gardens and rice-fields. In order to make this tank the said king broke down a hill. In the tank I saw so many people at work that there must have been fifteen or twenty thousand men, looking like ants …"

- Domingo Paes

(It is interesting to note that the city of Fatehpur Sikri, which was roughly a contemporary of the city of Vijayanagara and magnum opus of Mughal town planning at that time, had to abandoned due to lack of water for the royal household even though it arguably lay in a region not as arid as Vijayanagara)

The City :-

The city was protected by three fortified walls. The massive masonry construction was slightly tapered. No mortar or cementing agent was employed anywhere in the construction.

I don't want to step on anybody's toes here, but the amount of non-dad jokes here in this subreddit really annoys me. First of all, dad jokes CAN be NSFW, it clearly says so in the sub rules. Secondly, it doesn't automatically make it a dad joke if it's from a conversation between you and your child. Most importantly, the jokes that your CHILDREN tell YOU are not dad jokes. The point of a dad joke is that it's so cheesy only a dad who's trying to be funny would make such a joke. That's it. They are stupid plays on words, lame puns and so on. There has to be a clever pun or wordplay for it to be considered a dad joke.

Again, to all the fellow dads, I apologise if I'm sounding too harsh. But I just needed to get it off my chest.

Do your worst!

I'm surprised it hasn't decade.

For context I'm a Refuse Driver (Garbage man) & today I was on food waste. After I'd tipped I was checking the wagon for any defects when I spotted a lone pea balanced on the lifts.

I said "hey look, an escaPEA"

No one near me but it didn't half make me laugh for a good hour or so!

Edit: I can't believe how much this has blown up. Thank you everyone I've had a blast reading through the replies 😂

It really does, I swear!

Because she wanted to see the task manager.

Heard they've been doing some shady business.

They’re on standbi

BamBOO!

Pilot on me!!

Nothing, he was gladiator.

Dad jokes are supposed to be jokes you can tell a kid and they will understand it and find it funny.

This sub is mostly just NSFW puns now.

If it needs a NSFW tag it's not a dad joke. There should just be a NSFW puns subreddit for that.

Edit* I'm not replying any longer and turning off notifications but to all those that say "no one cares", there sure are a lot of you arguing about it. Maybe I'm wrong but you people don't need to be rude about it. If you really don't care, don't comment.

What did 0 say to 8 ?

" Nice Belt "

So What did 3 say to 8 ?

" Hey, you two stop making out "

When I got home, they were still there.

I won't be doing that today!

[Removed]

Christopher Walken

Where ever you left it 🤷‍♀️🤭

This morning, my 4 year old daughter.

Daughter: I'm hungry

Me: nerves building, smile widening

Me: Hi hungry, I'm dad.

She had no idea what was going on but I finally did it.

Thank you all for listening.

There hasn't been a post all year!

You take away their little brooms

It was about a weak back.

It’s pronounced “Noel.”

Why

After all his first name is No-vac

What, then, is Chinese rap?

Edit:

Notable mentions from the comments:

• Spanish/Swedish/Swiss/Serbian hits

• French/Finnish art

• Country/Canadian rap

• Chinese/Country/Canadian rock

• Turkish/Tunisian/Taiwanese rap

There hasn't been a single post this year!

(Happy 2022 from New Zealand)

Nothing, it just waved

Part I

Part 2

Oppressive Taxation Policies

Burden of taxation under Rayas of Vijaynagar,whose reign lasted for about 300 years,appears to have been very oppressive. According to Nuniz,a Portugese traveller who enjoyed the patronage of achutraya, the peasants were allowed to retain only one tenth part of their produce. The remaining being squeezed either by government or feudatories as their share. Burnell is of opinion that share of state in produce of land in South India was generally one half though the general share in North India was one sixth. He says "There is ample of evidences to show manu's proposition of one sixth was never observed,and that land tax taken not only by Muhammadan but by Hindu sovereigns also was fully one-half of gross produce". Sewell comments on the observation of chronicler thus : "Whether true or not this statement, coming as it does from a totally external source, strongly supports the view often held that Ryots of South India were grievously oppressed by nobels when subject to Hindu government. Other passages in both of these chronicles each of which was written quite independently of other confirm the assertion here made of the people being ground down and living in greatest poverty and distress.

There were many oppressive taxes which people had to pay like wood-cutters paid tax for cutting the forest wood and again paid tax for selling it in market. All the inhabitants of the village had to pay separate taxes for the maintenance of the commander of the for Dannavi-vartans, the village guard, the village accountant, etc. All these were additional burdens on the people, because the above persons were already granted inam for the services they were expected to render. The tax on marriages affected all castes. It was so oppressive that many poor people remained unmarried for long years. Finding the consequences serious to the social fabric, some kings either abolished the tax or exempted their subjects from paying it. Krishnadevaraya abolished the tax throughout the empire. It was reimposed by his successors, as their inscriptions refer to its remission.

Another category of taxes, known as Samaya sunka, was of a communal nature. It was levied on heads of lower castes, who derived large incomes from fines or presents collected from their men.

The Vijayana

Previous Post

Like most capitals, Vijayanagara was characterised by a distinctive physical layout and building style.

Although the city now stands in ruins, we know plenty about how the city looked, and more importantly, how it felt in the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the accounts of Nicolo de Conti, Abdur Razzaq, Afanasii Nikitin, Duarte Barbosa, Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz, apart from the hundreds of inscriptions of the kings of Vijayanagara and their nayakas recording donations to temples as well as describing important events.

Waterworks :-

The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the natural basin formed by the Tungabhadra which flows in a north-easterly direction. The surrounding landscape is characterised by stunning granite hills that seem to form a girdle around the city. A number of streams flow down to the river from these rocky outcrops.

In almost all cases embankments were built along these streams to create reservoirs of varying sizes. As this is one of the most arid zones of the peninsula, elaborate arrangements had to be made to store rainwater and conduct it to the city.

"The king made a tank at the mouth of two hills so that all the water which comes from either side collects there; and, besides this, water comes to it from more than three leagues (approximately 15 kilometers) by pipes which run along the lower parts of the range outside. This water is brought from a lake which itself overflows into a little river. The tank has three large pillars handsomely carved with figures; these connect above with certain pipes by which they get water when they have to irrigate their gardens and rice-fields. In order to make this tank the said king broke down a hill. In the tank I saw so many people at work that there must have been fifteen or twenty thousand men, looking like ants …"

- Domingo Paes

(It is interesting to note that the city of Fatehpur Sikri, which was roughly a contemporary of the city of Vijayanagara and magnum opus of Mughal town planning at that time, had to abandoned due to lack of water for the royal household even though it arguably lay in a region not as arid as Vijayanagara)

The City :-

The city was protected by three fortified walls. The massive masonry construction was slightly tapered. No mortar or cementing agent was employed anywhere in the construction. The stone