What was the reaction by the Military at Truman's desegregation order?
Executive Order 9981
26 July 1948
ESTABLISHING THE PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON EQUALITY OF TREATMENT AND OPPORTUNITY IN THE ARMED FORCES
WHEREAS it is essential that there be maintained in the armed services of the United States the highest standards of democracy, with equality of treatment and opportunity for all those who serve in our country's defense:
NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, by the Constitution and the statutes of the United States, and as Commander in Chief of the armed services, it is hereby ordered as follows:
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It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.
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There shall be created in the National Military Establishment an advisory committee to be known as the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, which shall be composed of seven members to be designated by the President.
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The Committee is authorized on behalf of the President to examine the rules, procedures, and practices of the armed services in order to determine in what respect such rules, procedures, and practices may be altered or improved with a view to carrying out the policy of this order. The Committee shall confer and advise with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, and shall make such recommendations to the President and to said Secretaries as in the judgment of the Committee will effectuate the policy hereof.
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All executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government are authorized and directed to cooperate with the Committee in its work and to furnish the Committee such information or the services of such persons as the Committee may require in the performance of its duties.
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When requested by the Committee to do so, persons in the armed services or in any of the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government shall testify before the Committee and shall make available for the use of the Committee
As I understand it, the Army really dragged his feet in implementing the order, taking a number of years, compared to the Air Force which was practically instantaneous in comparison. It looks like some of this, at least, had to do with Sec. of the Army Royall, who was opposed, but he left in '49 and it still took years after that. I've read though that efforts for desegregation correlated heavily with MacArthur being relieved of command in 1951 and replaced by Ridgeway.
Is that a coincidence, or was MacArthur a major impediment toward speedy desegregation of the Army?
Looking for information regarding how the institutions themselves dealt with racism after integration. Also, was Korea the first war zone in which integrated units were deployed?
Can any historians recommend some interesting sources related to this subject? Thanks!
https://preview.redd.it/i5o29ekxmnb81.png?width=700&format=png&auto=webp&s=c25fe2c48eec3268d3b9c99dd34fb083e286ea25
The IRS revealed earlier this year that it has seized $3.5 billion in the fiscal year 2021. According to reports, the US government has seized 170,000% more cryptocurrency this year than it did in 2019. Jarod Koopman, director of the Internal Revenue Service's cybercrime unit
https://news.coincu.com/47346-us-seized-1700x-more-cryptocurrency/
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Executive Order 6102 is an executive order signed on April 5, 1933, by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt "forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States." The executive order was made under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, as amended by the Emergency Banking Act in March 1933.
The stated reason for the order was that hard times had caused "hoarding" of gold, stalling economic growth and worsening the depression as the US was then using the gold standard for its currency.
Presidential Proclamation 2039 that forbade the hoarding 'of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency', under penalty of $10,000 and/or up to five to ten years imprisonment.
