I was wondering why the Wikipedia page talks about angular frequency when it doesn't actually give us the electron cyclotron frequency in Hz. Do we multiply it with 2Ο to get the actual frequency?
My background understanding: charged particles in a plasma will perform cyclotron gyrations around any local magnetic fields. Clasically, the cyclotron frequency is not dependent on the charged particle's velocity. So now we can take EM-waves (microwaves typically) that match the cyclotron frequency and use them to heat the charged particles. The microwaves have to be right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) if we let them propagate parallel to the local B-field assuming we want to heat electrons, or linearly polarized perpendicular to the local B-field if they propagate perpendicular to the local B-field (X-wave mode).
Assuming that this understanding is mostly correct, what happens when the charged particles have a relativistic drift velocity in the magnetized plasma? In the drift frame, don't the particles now "see" a Lorentz transformed polarization state instead of the original RCP or X-wave modes? In addition, wouldn't the cyclotron frequency also be Doppler shifted depending on the orientation of the drift frame's velocity to the propagating microwave field? Relativistic particles will aslo see Lorentz transformed fields in the plasma, right? Are there well developed codes that take these things into account when designing cyclotron heating systems or are the corrections so small that it doesn't quite matter? I'm aware that the thermal velocites of electrons can be relativistic, but honestly haven't taken the time to figure out the drift velocity in fusion plasmas.
I'm a laser-plasma guy and not a fusion-plasma scientist, but I like to read this forum and fusion-plasma research when I get the chance since its quite a bit more developed than the laser-plasma stuff.
Thanks for any input, sorry if it's confusing.
How is Proton Therapy done?
Proton therapy, a type of cancer treatment that uses high-energy beams to destroy tumors from distances up close. In order for this form of radiation oncology to work best, they have three key elements: A CT or MRI scan that maps out the area being treated in 3D which then guides doctors and physicists in delivering precise doses at specific locations via Cyclotron. Patients receive proton radiotherapy sessions in their own private room where an immobilizing device ensures they stay put while receiving treatments; we'll finish with luxury tone here since it sounds better than "intimidating"!
The cone-beam CT (CBCT) system uses a specialized surface guidance system to position the patient accurately on their treatment couch as well monitor movement during treatments. Prior to each time you receive proton therapy, we verify your location by checking with our numerous x-ray images captured around it before turning on our beam which has 6 degrees of freedom for accurate corrections needed when positioning yourself at any given moment in time - all thanks to this amazing technology!
Quality Assurance of Proton Therapy
The quality assurance of Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy is done very meticulously at Apollo Proton Cancer Centre. A Daily QA program is done in order to verify the main beam characteristics, which are instrumental for ensuring patient safety and functionality during treatment sessions with this powerful form of healthcare delivery system.
The daily routine consists of not only checking all aspects within its scope but also making sure that it covers every possible situation before starting each individual's personalized session on proton beams - improving clinical availability even further.
How long does Proton Therapy last?
A proton therapy session typically lasts about a minute and can be done five times per week over the course of several weeks to months. The entire treatment may take up 30-45 minutes, but most take place in positioning patients properly with proper adjustments made by those administering it - this process doesn't involve any invasiveness so patients shouldnβt worry if they have other obligations during their day as long as these things don't conflict!
What
... keep reading on reddit β‘Do your worst!
It really does, I swear!
For context I'm a Refuse Driver (Garbage man) & today I was on food waste. After I'd tipped I was checking the wagon for any defects when I spotted a lone pea balanced on the lifts.
I said "hey look, an escaPEA"
No one near me but it didn't half make me laugh for a good hour or so!
Edit: I can't believe how much this has blown up. Thank you everyone I've had a blast reading through the replies π
Theyβre on standbi
Pilot on me!!
Buenosdillas
Dad jokes are supposed to be jokes you can tell a kid and they will understand it and find it funny.
This sub is mostly just NSFW puns now.
If it needs a NSFW tag it's not a dad joke. There should just be a NSFW puns subreddit for that.
Edit* I'm not replying any longer and turning off notifications but to all those that say "no one cares", there sure are a lot of you arguing about it. Maybe I'm wrong but you people don't need to be rude about it. If you really don't care, don't comment.
When I got home, they were still there.
What did 0 say to 8 ?
" Nice Belt "
So What did 3 say to 8 ?
" Hey, you two stop making out "
I won't be doing that today!
You take away their little brooms
This morning, my 4 year old daughter.
Daughter: I'm hungry
Me: nerves building, smile widening
Me: Hi hungry, I'm dad.
She had no idea what was going on but I finally did it.
Thank you all for listening.
There hasn't been a post all year!
Itβs pronounced βNoel.β
Why
After all his first name is No-vac
What, then, is Chinese rap?
Edit:
Notable mentions from the comments:
-
Spanish/Swedish/Swiss/Serbian hits
-
French/Finnish art
-
Country/Canadian rap
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Chinese/Country/Canadian rock
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Turkish/Tunisian/Taiwanese rap
There hasn't been a single post this year!
(Happy 2022 from New Zealand)
Nothing, it just waved
Bob
So that I could frequently say, "I am going to walk 5 miles now."
Edit: My most popular post on Reddit! π Thank you for the awards.
Just to clarify, 12345678
Me grabbing a soda from my (what I thought was) half full 12pk...
Notices there's only 2;
Me: "Awe man... This is a damn bird box!" Her: "What the hell does that mean?!" Me: (Pulls both cans out & shows them to her) "It's only got Toucans."
I'm not ashamed to admit the look on her face was glorious.
